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Adhesion of endothelial cells to HIV-1 Tat triggers a signal transduction pathway, which leads to phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and pp60src and activation of ERK1/2, Cell-permeable SOD inhibits the activation of MAP kinases including ERK, JNK and p38 and the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by HIV-1 Tat, Expression of HIV-1 Tat in human SK-N-MC cells inhibits the NGF-signaling pathway leading to suppression of MAPK and reduction of Puralpha binding to the Egr-1 promoter, Formation of the Nef-associated kinase complex (NAKC) is sufficient to activate LCK and ERK1/2 and causes a strong Tat-dependent increase of HIV-1 transcription in T cells, HIV-1 Tat activates ERK1 and ERK2 through the activation of MEK1 and MEK2, leading to induction of IL-8, IL-10, IP-10, iNOS, superoxide and TNF-alpha, as well as suppression of p35 activator of cdk5, activation of CREB and increased albumin permeability, HIV-1 Tat alters the properties of human neural precursor cells via attenuation of the cell cycle regulatory unit cyclin D1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, particularly extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), HIV-1 Tat and morphine-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells involves ERK1/2 and JNK activation, HIV-1 Tat in combination with KSHV kaposin A activates the MEK/ERK, STAT3, and PI3K/Akt signals in NIH3T3 cells, HIV-1 Tat induces ERK phosphorylation by the activation of the small GTPase Ras, but not the small GTPase Rac, in human endothelial cells, HIV-1 Tat inhibits the LPS-activation of ERK1/2 but not the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in primary blood monocytes/macrophages, HIV-1 Tat is phosphorylated by MAPK in vitro, HIV-1 Tat- and oxovanadate-treated microglial cells synergistically induce release of TNF-a and IL-1 proteins, which involves CD45 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, HIV-1 Tat-induced MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38) activation is required for MMP-9 expression in human astrocytes, HIV-1 Tat-induced glutamate release is mediated through p38 and p42/44 MAPK and through NADPH oxidase and the x(c)(-) cystine-glutamate antiporter (xCT), HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of B7-H1 protein expression requires activation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway in human endothelial cells, HIV-1 Tat-linked intracellular third loop of the endothelin-1 type B receptor markedly enhances the endothelin-1 activation of ERK in the bone morphogenetic protein-2 receptor human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, HIV-1-Tat-mediated upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain in astrocytes is regulated by activation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways and the downstream transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr1), Knocking down Nox2 by siRNA decreases HIV-1 Tat-induced NF-KappaB activation as well as activation of MAP kinases including ERK, JNK, and p38, Phospholipase C/protein kinase C signaling pathway-dependent phosphorylation of p44/42 and JNK MAP kinases participates partially in IL-1beta induction by TAT, Sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG) blocks the Tat-induced extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2- and c-jun amino-terminal kinase-mediated signalling pathways, Tat activates at least three signaling pathways concurrently, including NF-kappaB, PKC, ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases and IKKalpha pathways, to promote production of IL-10, Tat and IFN-gamma synergistically induce the expression of CXCL10, which is inhibited by MEK1/2 inhibitor and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, Tat-triggered PKCdelta and PKCtheta activation results in the downstream signaling through the apoptosis pathways mediated by both ERK1/2 and caspase-3, The NADPH oxidase inhibitors DPI and apocynin abrogate HIV-1 Tat-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in human microglia-like cells, The binding between HIV-1 Tat and Grb2 is mediated by the proline-rich sequence (residues 1-18) of Tat and the SH3 domain (residues 160-212) of Grb2, which impairs activation of the Raf/MAPK pathway and increases the PKA/Raf inhibitory pathway, The interaction of HIV-1 Tat with KDR/VEGFR2 is implicated in the activation of ERK1 and ERK2 signaling pathways, Treatment with HIV-1 Tat induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in brain micro vascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and astrocytes, which mediates Tat-induced multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) expression