The etiology of hypospadias is regarded as a complex disorder with both genetic and environmental contributions. Although alterations in androgen activity have been associated with hypospadias, few associations with estrogen activity have been documented. Here, we assessed genetic polymorphisms in estrogen receptor genes and their association with hypospadias.
Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. sban@med.hokudai.ac.jp
