Trigemino-cervical-spinal reflexes (TCSRs) are complex brainstem stereotyped nociceptive responses involved in a defensive withdrawal reaction of the head from facial nociceptive stimuli.
Dipartimento di Neurologia e Otorinolaringoiatria, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy. armandperrotta@inwind.it