| pubmed-article:15800269 | rdf:type | pubmed:Citation | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0677582 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0392756 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0185125 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C2603343 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1707689 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1280519 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:issue | 8 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:dateCreated | 2005-3-31 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:abstractText | This analysis examined how unmeasured confounding affects estimates of the effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections. Data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 1,122 female sexually transmitted disease clinic patients in Alabama (1992-1995), wherein participants were evaluated for sexually transmitted infections at six 1-month intervals. Associations between condom use and incident gonorrhea and chlamydia infection were compared between case-crossover and cohort analyses. In a case-crossover analysis of 228 follow-up visits ending in gonorrhea/chlamydia ("case intervals") and 743 self-matched follow-up visits not ending in gonorrhea/chlamydia ("noncase intervals") (183 women), consistent condom use without breakage or slippage was associated with significantly reduced risk of infection relative to nonuse (adjusted risk odds ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.92). Conversely, a cohort analysis of 245 case intervals and 3,896 noncase intervals (919 women) revealed no significant reduction in infection risk from consistent use of condoms (adjusted risk odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.53, 1.17). Dose-response relations between the number of unprotected sex acts and infection were stronger in the case-crossover analysis (p for trend = 0.009) than in the cohort analysis (p for trend = 0.18). These findings suggest that epidemiologic studies confounded by unmeasured differences between condom users and nonusers underestimate condom effectiveness against these infections. The case-crossover method provides an additional technique for reducing unmeasured confounding in studies of condom effectiveness. | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:grant | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:language | eng | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:journal | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:citationSubset | IM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:status | MEDLINE | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:month | Apr | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:issn | 0002-9262 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:HookEdward... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:ArtzLynnL | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:MacalusoMauri... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:BrillIleneI | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:NewmanDaniel... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:WarnerLeeL | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:AustinHarland... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:FleenorMichae... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:KleinbaumDavi... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:issnType | Print | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:day | 15 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:volume | 161 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:owner | NLM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:authorsComplete | Y | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:pagination | 765-73 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:dateRevised | 2007-11-14 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15800269... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:year | 2005 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:articleTitle | Application of the case-crossover design to reduce unmeasured confounding in studies of condom effectiveness. | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:affiliation | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. dlw7@cdc.gov | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:publicationType | Journal Article | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:publicationType | Comparative Study | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15800269 | pubmed:publicationType | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | lld:pubmed |
| http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | pubmed:referesTo | pubmed-article:15800269 | lld:pubmed |
| http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | pubmed:referesTo | pubmed-article:15800269 | lld:pubmed |
| http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | pubmed:referesTo | pubmed-article:15800269 | lld:pubmed |
