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| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| rdf:type | |
| lifeskim:mentions | |
| pubmed:issue |
10
|
| pubmed:dateCreated |
1984-12-19
|
| pubmed:keyword |
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Cancer,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Cardiovascular Effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Cerebrovascular Effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Contraception,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Contraceptive Agents,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Contraceptive Agents, Female,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Contraceptive...,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Contraceptive Methods--indications,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Contraceptive...,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Contraceptive Methods--side effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Diseases,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Family Planning,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Genital Effects, Female,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Hypertension,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Lipid Metabolic Effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Menstruation Disorders,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Metabolic Effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Neoplasms,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral Contraceptives...,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral Contraceptives...,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral Contraceptives...,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral Contraceptives, Low-dose--side...,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral...,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral Contraceptives--indications,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral Contraceptives--pharmacodynamics,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Oral Contraceptives--side effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Urogenital Effects,
http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/keyword/Vascular Diseases
|
| pubmed:language |
eng
|
| pubmed:journal | |
| pubmed:citationSubset |
IM
|
| pubmed:chemical | |
| pubmed:status |
MEDLINE
|
| pubmed:month |
Oct
|
| pubmed:issn |
0746-8709
|
| pubmed:author | |
| pubmed:issnType |
Print
|
| pubmed:volume |
74
|
| pubmed:owner |
NLM
|
| pubmed:authorsComplete |
Y
|
| pubmed:pagination |
439-40, 442
|
| pubmed:dateRevised |
2004-11-17
|
| pubmed:otherAbstract |
PIP: Low dose estrogen tablets, containing less than 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol, were formulated because of the recognized dose response relationship with the steroid content of the tablet and side effects. These new oral contraceptives (OCs) are as effective as the older high-dose OCs, and available evidence reports fewer side effects. This discussion reviews pharmacology of these new OCs, the mechanism of action, contraindications, side effects, and problems with the low-dose estrogen OC. Ethinyl estradiol is the only estrogen used in the low-dose combination OC. There are several synthetic progestins: norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, norgestrel, levonorgestrel, and ethynodiol diacetate. These progestins have different potencies so the pharmacologic activity cannot be accurately predicted based on the amount present in the tablet. The synthetic steroids in OCs are absorbed in the small intestine, metabolized in the liver, excreted in the bile and feces with a half-life of 24 hours. The low-dose estrogen combination preparation is taken 3 out of every 4 weeks. Its contraceptive effect is primarily a result of hypothalamic mediated gonadotropin suppression with subsequent inhibition of ovulation. Contraindications to taking the low-dose OC are the same as for the higher dose OC: thromboembolic or cardiovascular disease, estrogen dependent neoplasia, markedly impaired liver function, undiagnosed genital bleeding, congenital hyperlipidemia, pregnancy, and women over age 30 who smoke. Relative contraindications include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, migraine headaches, uterine myomas, and epilepsy. The often quoted 2-5-fold increased incidence of thromboembolic disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke is based on large epidemiologic studies involving patients taking the older higher dose OCs. Current data from patients taking the newer low-dose medication demonstrate minimal if any increased incidence of these problems in young women who do not smoke. The low-dose estrogen OCs have minimal effect on lipid levels. Early reports of patients using the low-dose OC have shown little if any increased incidence of hypertension. The low-dose contraceptives have little effect on glucose tolerance, and there is no evidence to show an increased incidence of overt diabetes in OC users. There is no evidence that use of the combination OC causes an increase in cancer of the cervix, uterus, or ovaries. Clinical complaints of nausea, breast discomfort, chloasma, weight changes, and depression are reduced with the low-dose estrogen preparation. Hypomenorrhea while taking the OC occasionally occurs because the lower dose of estrogen is insufficient to stimulate the endometrial growth in face of the predominant progestin-atrophy effect.
|
| pubmed:meshHeading | |
| pubmed:year |
1984
|
| pubmed:articleTitle |
Oral contraceptives in 1984.
|
| pubmed:publicationType |
Journal Article
|