Statements in which the resource exists as a subject.
PredicateObject
rdf:type
lifeskim:mentions
pubmed:issue
107
pubmed:dateCreated
1973-11-9
pubmed:abstractText
Our scientific understanding of psychiatric syndromes, including the phenomena of depression, has been hampered because of: (i) the use of metapsychological concepts that are difficult to test; (ii) methodological and linguistic barriers that prevent communication among psychoanalysts, behaviorists, experimental psychologists, and psychiatrists; and (iii) the reluctance of psychiatrists to accept animal models as possible approximations of certain aspects of human psychopathology. We have attempted to demonstrate that the animal models simulate some of the central features of clinical depression (for example, helplessness and object loss), thereby allowing one to rigorously investigate them from developmental, behavioral, and biochemical perspectives. The object loss model, as a concrete version of a metapsychological-psychoanalytic concept, has enabled primatologists to study the disruption of an attachment bond. The behavioral model accommodates this concept to a broader generalization: loss of reinforcement or loss of control over reinforcement. We have reviewed the evidence that these processes involve the diencephalic centers of reward or reinforcement, thereby permitting integration of the psychoanalytical and behavioral formulations with the biochemical hypotheses. Also, we have presented data strongly suggesting that the breaking of an attachment bond in the primate represents significant loss of reinforcement that induces helplessness and disrupts motivated behavior. Finally, we have argued that the depressive syndrome could be caused by interactions of genetic, chemical, developmental, and interpersonal factors, all of which impinge on the diencephalic centers of reinforcement.
pubmed:language
eng
pubmed:journal
pubmed:citationSubset
IM
pubmed:chemical
pubmed:status
MEDLINE
pubmed:month
Oct
pubmed:issn
0036-8075
pubmed:author
pubmed:issnType
Print
pubmed:day
5
pubmed:volume
182
pubmed:owner
NLM
pubmed:authorsComplete
Y
pubmed:pagination
20-9
pubmed:dateRevised
2007-8-17
pubmed:meshHeading
pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Age Factors, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Animals, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Anxiety, Separation, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Behavior, Animal, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Biogenic Amines, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Conditioning, Operant, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Depression, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Disease Models, Animal, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Dogs, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Female, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Haplorhini, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Humans, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Hydroxydopamines, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Macaca, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Methyldopa, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Norepinephrine, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Rats, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Reinforcement (Psychology), pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Reserpine, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Serotonin, pubmed-meshheading:4199732-Stress, Psychological
pubmed:year
1973
pubmed:articleTitle
Depressive disorders: toward a unified hypothesis.
pubmed:publicationType
Journal Article, Review