Linked Life Data

3974193

Source:http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/id/3974193

Statements in which the resource exists as a subject.
PredicateObject
rdf:type
lifeskim:mentions
pubmed:issue
1
pubmed:dateCreated
1985-4-2
pubmed:abstractText
The concept of inhumanity of Russell & Burch in 1959 with proposals for human procedures in experiments on animals by way of replacement, reduction and refinement (the 3 R's) and the revival of these by Smyth (1978) as alternatives to animal experiments are presented. Since then under the name 'alternative methods', replacement of in vivo by in vitro methods has found great public attention and promotion. It is argued that alternative methods are a fallacy, because in the progress of research a continual control and reinvestigation of findings on each system level is required until knowledge is complete, which makes in vivo experiments irreplaceable. True alternatives exist only for refinement within a system level. On the level of the organism, refinement would be in the care of animals and experimental procedure through alleviation of stress. The possibilities which refinement offers for animal welfare have been nearly forgotten and need promotion among researchers, animal technicians and attendants.
pubmed:language
eng
pubmed:journal
pubmed:citationSubset
IM
pubmed:status
MEDLINE
pubmed:month
Jan
pubmed:issn
0023-6772
pubmed:author
pubmed:issnType
Print
pubmed:volume
19
pubmed:owner
NLM
pubmed:authorsComplete
Y
pubmed:pagination
19-26
pubmed:dateRevised
2008-11-21
pubmed:meshHeading
pubmed:year
1985
pubmed:articleTitle
Use and misuse of an imprecise concept: alternative methods in animal experiments.
pubmed:publicationType
Journal Article, In Vitro