Epicardial mapping has shown that atrial substrate may play a role in the characteristics of the resulting atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is not known whether these differences also occur in 3 dimensions.
Transmural characteristics of atrial fibrillation in canine models of structural and electrical atrial remodeling assessed by simultaneous epicardial and endocardial mapping.
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.