19464553

Source:http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/id/19464553

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Predicate	Object
rdf:type	pubmed:Citation
lifeskim:mentions	umls-concept:C0042776, umls-concept:C0376536, umls-concept:C0376538, umls-concept:C0805586
pubmed:issue	28
pubmed:dateCreated	2009-5-25
pubmed:abstractText	Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be a threat for the pig industry. Vaccines have been developed, but these failed to provide sustainable disease control, in particular against genetically unrelated strains. Here we give an overview of current knowledge and gaps in our knowledge that may be relevant for the development of a future generation of more effective vaccines. PRRSV replicates in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, induces apoptosis and necrosis, interferes with the induction of a proinflammatory response, only slowly induces a specific antiviral response, and may cause persistent infections. The virus appears to use several evasion strategies to circumvent both innate and acquired immunity, including interference with antigen presentation, antibody-mediated enhancement, reduced cell surface expression of viral proteins, and shielding of neutralizing epitopes. In particular the downregulation of type I interferon-alpha production appears to interfere with the induction of acquired immunity. Current vaccines are ineffective because they suffer both from the immune evasion strategies of the virus and the antigenic heterogeneity of field strains. Future vaccines therefore must "uncouple" the immune evasion and apoptogenic/necrotic properties of the virus from its immunogenic properties, and they should induce a broad immune response covering the plasticity of its major antigenic sites. Alternatively, the composition of the vaccine should be changed regularly to reflect presently and locally circulating strains. Preferably new vaccines should also allow discriminating infected from vaccinated pigs to support a virus elimination strategy. Challenges in vaccine development are the incompletely known mechanisms of immune evasion and immunity, lack of knowledge of viral sequences that are responsible for the pathogenic and immunosuppressive properties of the virus, lack of knowledge of the forces that drive antigenic heterogeneity and its consequences for immunogenicity, and a viral genome that is relatively intolerant for subtle changes at functional sites.
pubmed:language	eng
pubmed:journal	http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/journal/8406899
pubmed:citationSubset	IM
pubmed:chemical	http://linkedlifedata.com/resource/pubmed/chemical/Viral Vaccines
pubmed:status	MEDLINE
pubmed:month	Jun
pubmed:issn	1873-2518
pubmed:author	pubmed-author:CornelissenLisette ALA, pubmed-author:KimmanTjeerd GTG, pubmed-author:MoormannRob JRJ, pubmed-author:RebelJohanna M JJM, pubmed-author:Stockhofe-ZurwiedenNorbertN
pubmed:issnType	Electronic
pubmed:day	8
pubmed:volume	27
pubmed:owner	NLM
pubmed:authorsComplete	Y
pubmed:pagination	3704-18
pubmed:meshHeading	pubmed-meshheading:19464553-Animals, pubmed-meshheading:19464553-Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, pubmed-meshheading:19464553-Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, pubmed-meshheading:19464553-Swine, pubmed-meshheading:19464553-Viral Vaccines
pubmed:year	2009
pubmed:articleTitle	Challenges for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccinology.
pubmed:affiliation	Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands. tjeerd.kimman@wur.nl
pubmed:publicationType	Journal Article, Review