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pubmed-article:19012101pubmed:abstractTextEpidemiological data suggest an enhanced breast cancer risk during estrogen/progestogen therapy as compared to estrogen monotherapy in postmenopausal women. The underlying mechanism, however, still remains unknown. Estrogens are known to be mitogenic agents for benign and cancerous breast epithelial cells whereas the role of progestogens is unclear. Tumor-associated macrophages play a crucial role in tumor growth and metastasis due to the synthesis of various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which can stimulate the synthesis of proliferative and angiogenic factors in tumor cells. In an in vitro model we investigated the influence of estradiol and estradiol/progestogens combinations on the changes of TNF-alpha- induced markers.lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:19012101pubmed:articleTitleEffects of estradiol and progestogens on tumor-necrosis factor-alpha-induced changes of biochemical markers for breast cancer growth and metastasis.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:19012101pubmed:affiliationSection of Endocrinology and Menopause, University Women's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.lld:pubmed
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