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PredicateObject
rdf:type
lifeskim:mentions
pubmed:issue
11
pubmed:dateCreated
2008-7-28
pubmed:abstractText
A bacterial isolate, strain NTOU1, originally isolated from the cooling system in an oil refinery could decolorize and detoxify crystal violet under anaerobic conditions. The strain was characterized and identified as a member of Shewanella decolorationis based on Gram staining, morphology characters, biochemical tests, the 16S rRNA gene and the gyrase subunit beta gene (gyrB). The optimum pH value and temperature for decolorization of crystal violet by this strain under anaerobic conditions were pH 8-9 and 30-40 degrees C, respectively. Formate (20 mM) was the best electron donor. Addition of ferric citrate did not inhibit decolorization of crystal violet, the addition of thiosulfate, ferric oxide, or manganese oxide slightly decreased decolorization, while addition of nitrite (20 mM) inhibited the decolorization of crystal violet. By supplementing the medium with formate and ferric citrate and cultivating it under optimum pH and temperature, this strain could remove crystal violet, at a concentration of 1500 mg l(-1), at the rate of 298 mg l(-1) h(-1) (during decolorization the OD(600) of the cell culture increased from approximately 0.6 to approximately 1.2). GC/MS analysis of the degradation products of crystal violet detected the presence of N,N'-bis(dimethylamino) benzophenone (Michler's Ketone), [N,N-dimethylaminophenyl] [N-methylaminophenyl] benzophenone, N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, N,N-dimethylaminophenol, and 4-methylaminophenol. These results suggest that crystal violet was biotransformed into N,N-dimethylaminophenol and Michler's Ketone prior to further degradation of these intermediates. This paper proposes a probable pathway for the degradation of crystal violet by this Shewanella sp. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial tests showed that the process of decolorization also detoxify crystal violet.
pubmed:language
eng
pubmed:journal
pubmed:citationSubset
IM
pubmed:chemical
pubmed:status
MEDLINE
pubmed:month
Aug
pubmed:issn
0045-6535
pubmed:author
pubmed:issnType
Print
pubmed:volume
72
pubmed:owner
NLM
pubmed:authorsComplete
Y
pubmed:pagination
1712-20
pubmed:meshHeading
pubmed:year
2008
pubmed:articleTitle
Biodegradation of crystal violet by a Shewanella sp. NTOU1.
pubmed:affiliation
Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2-Peining Road, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
pubmed:publicationType
Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't