Betel-chewing, a risk factor for oral carcinoma, is a common habit of elderly Vietnamese females, but concomitant habits of tobacco and alcohol are uncommon.
Frequent promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A and p16INK4a and infrequent allelic loss other than 9p21 in betel-associated oral carcinoma in a Vietnamese non-smoking/non-drinking female population.
Molecular Pathology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
