| pubmed-article:15161067 | rdf:type | pubmed:Citation | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0020971 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0086418 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0012550 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0039194 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0442118 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0003241 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0162969 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1704632 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0871261 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C2911692 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1706817 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0205263 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0524527 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C2349975 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1627358 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:issue | 8 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:dateCreated | 2004-5-26 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:abstractText | We previously reported that intranasal immunization with a non-toxic mutant cross-reacting material (CRM)197 of diphtheria toxin, formulated with chitosan, generated protective neutralizing antibodies in mice and guinea pigs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that intranasal delivery of a powder formulation of the CRM197-based vaccine was well tolerated and significantly boosted antibody responses in adult volunteers. Here we report that intranasal booster immunization with CRM197 alone or with chitosan induced systemic T cell responses. We addressed for the first time the induction of T cell subtypes following intranasal vaccination in humans. Intranasal vaccination with CRM197, like parenteral immunization with a conventional diphtheria toxoid vaccine, enhanced antigen-specific IFN-gamma production. However, formulation of the nasal diphtheria vaccine with chitosan significantly augmented Th2-type responses, which correlated with protective levels of toxin-neutralizing antibodies in intranasally boosted individuals. The results suggest that vaccines capable of inducing strong Th2-type responses, such as CRM197 formulated with chitosan, have potential for the development of a protective mucosal vaccine against diphtheria in humans. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that mucosal subunit vaccines with appropriate delivery systems have considerable potential for booster immunization of adults. | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:language | eng | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:journal | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:citationSubset | IM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:chemical | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:chemical | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:chemical | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:chemical | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:status | MEDLINE | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:month | Feb | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:issn | 0264-410X | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:MillsKingston... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:RappuoliRinoR | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:PizzaMariagra... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:LewisDavid... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:IllumLisbethL | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:McNeelaEdel... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:Jabbal-GillIn... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:PoddaAudinoA | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:issnType | Print | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:day | 25 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:volume | 22 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:owner | NLM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:authorsComplete | Y | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:pagination | 909-14 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:dateRevised | 2006-11-15 | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15161067... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15161067... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15161067... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:15161067... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:year | 2004 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:articleTitle | Intranasal immunization with genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin induces T cell responses in humans: enhancement of Th2 responses and toxin-neutralizing antibodies by formulation with chitosan. | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:affiliation | Immune Regulation Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:publicationType | Journal Article | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:publicationType | Clinical Trial | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:publicationType | Controlled Clinical Trial | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:15161067 | pubmed:publicationType | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | lld:pubmed |
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