Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/80
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| dailymed-drugs:80 | rdf:type | http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berli... | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | rdf:type | dailymed-instance:drugs | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | rdfs:label | Oxcarbazepine (Tablet, Film Coated) | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:dosage | Oxcarbazepine is recommended as adjunctive treatment in the treatment of partial seizures in adults and children aged 4 to 16 years. Oxcarbazepine is also recommended as monotherapy in the treatment of partial seizures in adults and children aged 4 to 16 years. All dosing should be given in a twice-a-day (BID) regimen. Oxcarbazepine oral suspension and oxcarbazepine film���coated tablets may be interchanged at equal doses. Oxcarbazepine tablets should be kept out of the reach and sight of children. Oxcarbazepine can be taken with or without food (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics).<br/>Adults:<br/>Adjunctive Therapy: Treatment with oxcarbazepine tablets should be initiated with a dose of 600 mg/day, given in a BID regimen. If clinically indicated, the dose may be increased by a maximum of 600 mg/day at approximately weekly intervals; the recommended daily dose is 1200 mg/day. Daily doses above 1200 mg/day show somewhat greater effectiveness in controlled trials, but most patients were not able to tolerate the 2400 mg/day dose, primarily because of CNS effects. It is recommended that the patient be observed closely and plasma levels of the concomitant AEDs be monitored during the period of oxcarbazepine titration, as these plasma levels may be altered, especially at oxcarbazepine doses greater than 1200 mg/day (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).<br/>Conversion to Monotherapy: Patients receiving concomitant AEDs may be converted to monotherapy by initiating treatment with oxcarbazepine tablets at 600 mg/day (given in a BID regimen) while simultaneously initiating the reduction of the dose of the concomitant AEDs. The concomitant AEDs should be completely withdrawn over 3 to 6 weeks, while the maximum dose of oxcarbazepine tablets should be reached in about 2 to 4 weeks. Oxcarbazepine tablets may be increased as clinically indicated by a maximum increment of 600 mg/day at approximately weekly intervals to achieve the recommended daily dose of 2400 mg/day. A daily dose of 1200 mg/day has been shown in one study to be effective in patients in whom monotherapy has been initiated with oxcarbazepine. Patients should be observed closely during this transition phase.<br/>Initiation of Monotherapy: Patients not currently being treated with AEDs may have monotherapy initiated with oxcarbazepine tablets. In these patients, oxcarbazepine tablets should be initiated at a dose of 600 mg/day (given in a BID regimen); the dose should be increased by 300 mg/day every third day to a dose of 1200 mg/day. Controlled trials in these patients examined the effectiveness of a 1200 mg/day dose; a dose of 2400 mg/day has been shown to be effective in patients converted from other AEDs to oxcarbazepine tabletmonotherapy (see above).<br/>Pediatric Patients:<br/>Adjunctive Therapy (Aged 4 to 16 Years): In pediatric patients aged 4 to 16 years, treatment should be initiated at a daily dose of 8 to 10 mg/kg generally not to exceed 600 mg/day, given in a BID regimen. The target maintenance dose of oxcarbazepine tablets should be achieved over two weeks, and is dependent upon patient weight, according to the following chart: 20 to 29 kg - 900 mg/day 29.1 to 39 kg - 1200 mg/day >39 kg - 1800 mg/day In the clinical trial, in which the intention was to reach these target doses, the median daily dose was 31 mg/kg with a range of 6 to 51 mg/kg. Under adjunctive therapy (with and without enzyme-inducing AEDs), when normalized by body weight, apparent clearance (L/hr/kg) decreased when age increased such that children 4 to���12 years of age may require a 50% higher oxcarbazepine dose per body weight compared to adults. Pediatric dosing and drug clearance information for pediatric patients ages 2 to<4 years is approved for Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation's oxcarbazepine tablets and oral suspension. However due to Novartis' marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled for this age group.<br/>Conversion to Monotherapy (Aged 4 to 16 Years): Patients receiving concomitant antiepileptic drugs may be converted to monotherapy by initiating treatment with oxcarbazepine tablets at approximately 8 to 10 mg/kg/day given in a BID regimen, while simultaneously initiating the reduction of the dose of the concomitant antiepileptic drugs. The concomitant antiepileptic drugs can be completely withdrawn over 3 to 6 weeks while oxcarbazepine tablets may be increased as clinically indicated by a maximum increment of 10 mg/kg/day at approximately weekly intervals to achieve the recommended daily dose. Patients should be observed closely during this transition phase. The recommended total daily dose of oxcarbazepine tablets is shown in the table below.<br/>Initiation of Monotherapy (Aged 4 to 16 Years): Patients not currently being treated with antiepileptic drugs may have monotherapy initiated with oxcarbazepine tablets. In these patients, oxcarbazepine tablets should be initiated at a dose of 8 to 10 mg/kg/day given in a BID regimen. The dose should be increased by 5 mg/kg/day every third day to the recommended daily dose shown in the table below.<br/>Patients with Hepatic Impairment: In general, dose adjustments are not required in patients with mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics, Special Populations).<br/>Patients with Renal Impairment: In patients with impaired renal function (creatine clearance<30 mL/min) oxcarbazepine tablet therapy should be initiated at one-half the usual starting dose (300 mg/day) and increased slowly to achieve the desired clinical response (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics, Special Populations). | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:descripti... | Oxcarbazepine is an antiepileptic drug available as 150 mg, 300 mg and 600 mg film-coated tablets for oral administration. Oxcarbazepine is 10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide, and its structural formula is: CHNOM.W. 252.27 Oxcarbazepine is a white to faintly orange crystalline powder. It is slightly soluble in chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, and methanol, very slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in ether and water. Oxcarbazepine film-coated tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, hypromellose, iron oxide black, iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, talc, and titanium dioxide. | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:clinicalP... | Mechanism of Action: The pharmacological activity of oxcarbazepine is primarily exerted through the 10-monohydroxy metabolite (MHD) of oxcarbazepine (see Metabolism and Excretion). The precise mechanism by which oxcarbazepine and MHD exert their antiseizure effect is unknown; however, in vitro electrophysiological studies indicate that they produce blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcited neural membranes, inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, and diminution of propagation of synaptic impulses. These actions are thought to be important in the prevention of seizure spread in the intact brain. In addition, increased potassium conductance and modulation of high-voltage activated calcium channels may contribute to the anticonvulsant effects of the drug. No significant interactions of oxcarbazepine or MHD with brain neurotransmitter or modulator receptor sites have been demonstrated.<br/>Pharmacodynamics: Oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite (MHD) exhibit anticonvulsant properties in animal seizure models. They protected rodents against electrically induced tonic extension seizures and, to a lesser degree, chemically induced clonic seizures, and abolished or reduced the frequency of chronically recurring focal seizures in Rhesus monkeys with aluminum implants. No development of tolerance (i.e., attenuation of anticonvulsive activity) was observed in the maximal electroshock test when mice and rats were treated daily for five days and four weeks, respectively, with oxcarbazepine or MHD.<br/>Pharmacokinetics: Following oral administration of oxcarbazepine tablets, oxcarbazepine is completely absorbed and extensively metabolized to its pharmacologically active 10-monohydroxy metabolite (MHD). The half-life of the parent is about two hours, while the half-life of MHD is about nine hours, so that MHD is responsible for most antiepileptic activity. Based on MHD concentrations, oxcarbazepine tablets and suspension were shown to have similar bioavailability. After single-dose administration of oxcarbazepine tablets to healthy male volunteers under fasted conditions, the median twas 4.5 (range 3 to 13) hours. In a mass balance study in people, only 2% of total radioactivity in plasma was due to unchanged oxcarbazepine, with approximately 70% present as MHD, and the remainder attributable to minor metabolites.<br/>Effect of Food: Food has no effect on the rate and extent of absorption of oxcarbazepine from oxcarbazepine tablets. Therefore, oxcarbazepine tablets can be taken with or without food. Steady-state plasma concentrations of MHD are reached within 2 to 3 days in patients when oxcarbazepine is given twice a day. At steady-state the pharmacokinetics of MHD are linear and show dose proportionality over the dose range of 300 to 2400 mg/day.<br/>Distribution: The apparent volume of distribution of MHD is 49 L. Approximately 40% of MHD is bound to serum proteins, predominantly to albumin. Binding is independent of the serum concentration within the therapeutically relevant range. Oxcarbazepine and MHD do not bind to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein.<br/>Metabolism and Excretion: Oxcarbazepine is rapidly reduced by cytosolic enzymes in the liver to its 10-monohydroxy metabolite, MHD, which is primarily responsible for the pharmacological effect of oxcarbazepine. MHD is metabolized further by conjugation with glucuronic acid. Minor amounts (4% of the dose) are oxidized to the pharmacologically inactive 10,11-dihydroxy metabolite (DHD). Oxcarbazepine is cleared from the body mostly in the form of metabolites which are predominantly excreted by the kidneys. More than 95% of the dose appears in the urine, with less than 1% as unchanged oxcarbazepine. Fecal excretion accounts for less than 4% of the administered dose. Approximately 80% of the dose is excreted in the urine either as glucuronides of MHD (49%) or as unchanged MHD (27%); the inactive DHD accounts for approximately 3% and conjugates of MHD and oxcarbazepine account for 13% of the dose.<br/>Special Populations: | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:activeIng... | dailymed-ingredient:oxcarba... | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:contraind... | Oxcarbazepine tablets should not be used in patients with a known hypersensitivity to oxcarbazepine or to any of its components. | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:supply | Oxcarbazepine tablets are supplied as follows: 150 mg���Brown to dark brown, film-coated, capsule-shaped tablet. One side of the tablet is scored in half and debossed with the number���9���on one side of the score and���3���on the other. The other side of the tablet is scored in half and debossed with the number���72���on one side of the score and���81���on the other, in bottles of 100 and 500. 300 mg���Brown to dark brown, film-coated, capsule-shaped tablet. One side of the tablet is scored in half and debossed with the number���9���on one side of the score and���3���on the other. The other side of the tablet is scored in half and debossed with the number���72���on one side of the score and���82���on the other, in bottles of 100 and 500. 600 mg���Brown to dark brown, film-coated, capsule-shaped tablet. One side of the tablet is scored in half and debossed with the number���9���on one side of the score and���3���on the other. The other side of the tablet is scored in half and debossed with the number���72���on one side of the score and���83���on the other, in bottles of 100 and 500. Store at 20��to 25��C (68��to 77��F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure as required. Manufactured In Israel By: TEVA PHARMACEUTICAL IND. LTD. Jerusalem, 91010, Israel Manufactured For: TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA Sellersville, PA 18960 Iss. 9/2007 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:genericDr... | http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berli... | lld:dailymed |
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| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:inactiveI... | dailymed-ingredient:crospov... | lld:dailymed |
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| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:inactiveI... | dailymed-ingredient:iron_ox... | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:inactiveI... | dailymed-ingredient:talc | lld:dailymed |
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| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:691 | lld:dailymed |
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| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:1257 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:1688 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:2541 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:2542 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:2990 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:3893 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:possibleD... | diseasome-diseases:4131 | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:precautio... | Cognitive/Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events: Use of oxcarbazepine has been associated with central nervous system-related adverse events. The most significant of these can be classified into three general categories: 1) cognitive symptoms including psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration, and speech or language problems, 2) somnolence or fatigue, and 3) coordination abnormalities, including ataxia and gait disturbances.<br/>Adult Patients: In one large, fixed-dose study, oxcarbazepine was added to existing AED therapy (up to three concomitant AEDs). By protocol, the dosage of the concomitant AEDs could not be reduced as oxcarbazepine was added, reduction in oxcarbazepine dosage was not allowed if intolerance developed, and patients were discontinued if unable to tolerate their highest target maintenance doses. In this trial, 65% of patients were discontinued because they could not tolerate the2400 mg/day dose of oxcarbazepine on top of existing AEDs. The adverse events seen in this study were primarily CNS related and the risk for discontinuation was dose related. In this trial, 7.1% of oxcarbazepine-treated patients and 4% of placebo-treated patients experienced a cognitive adverse event. The risk of discontinuation for these events was about 6.5 times greater on oxcarbazepine than on placebo. In addition, 26% of oxcarbazepine-treated patients and 12% of placebo-treated patients experienced somnolence. The risk of discontinuation for somnolence was about 10 times greater on oxcarbazepine than on placebo. Finally, 28.7% of oxcarbazepine-treated patients and 6.4% of placebo-treated patients experienced ataxia or gait disturbances. The risk for discontinuation for these events was about seven times greater on oxcarbazepine than on placebo. In a single placebo-controlled monotherapy trial evaluating 2400 mg/day of oxcarbazepine, no patients in either treatment group discontinued double-blind treatment because of cognitive adverse events, somnolence, ataxia, or gait disturbance. In the two dose-controlled conversion to monotherapy trials comparing 2400 mg/day and 300 mg/day oxcarbazepine, 1.1% of patients in the 2400 mg/day group discontinued double-blind treatment because of somnolence or cognitive adverse events compared to 0% in the 300 mg/day group. In these trials, no patients discontinued because of ataxia or gait disturbances in either treatment group.<br/>Pediatric Patients: A study was conducted in pediatric patients (3 to 17 years old) with inadequately controlled partial seizures in which oxcarbazepine was added to existing AED therapy (up to two concomitant AEDs). By protocol, the dosage of concomitant AEDs could not be reduced as oxcarbazepine was added. Oxcarbazepine was titrated to reach a target dose ranging from 30 mg/kg to 46 mg/kg (based on a patient's body weight with fixed doses for pre-defined weight ranges). Cognitive adverse events occurred in 5.8% of oxcarbazepine treated patients (the single most common event being concentration impairment, 4 of 138 patients) and in 3.1% of patients treated with placebo. In addition, 34.8% of oxcarbazepine-treated patients and 14.0% of placebo-treated patients experienced somnolence. (No patient discontinued due to a cognitive adverse event or somnolence.). Finally, 23.2% of oxcarbazepine-treated patients and 7.0% of placebo-treated patients experienced ataxia or gait disturbances. Two (1.4%) oxcarbazepine-treated patients and 1 (0.8%) placebo-treated patient discontinued due to ataxia or gait disturbances.<br/>Multi-Organ Hypersensitivity: Multi-organ hypersensitivity reactions have occurred in close temporal association (median time to detection 13 days: range 4 to 60) to the initiation of oxcarbazepine therapy in adult and pediatric patients. Although there have been a limited number of reports, many of these cases resulted in hospitalization and some were considered life threatening. Signs and symptoms of this disorder were diverse; however, patients typically, although not exclusively, presented with fever and rash associated with other organ system involvement. Other associated manifestations included lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, liver function test abnormalities, hematological abnormalities (e.g., eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia), pruritus, nephritis, oliguria, hepatorenal syndrome, arthralgia and asthenia. Because the disorder is variable in its expression, other organ system symptoms and signs, not noted here, may occur. If this reaction is suspected, oxcarbazepine should be discontinued and an alternative treatment started. Although there are no case reports to indicate cross sensitivity with other drugs that produce this syndrome, the experience amongst drugs associated with multi-organ hypersensitivity would indicate this to be a possibility (see WARNINGS, Patients with a Past History of Hypersensitivity Reaction to Carbamazepine).<br/>Information for Patients: Anaphylactic reactions and angioedema may occur during treatment with oxcarbazepine. Patients should be advised to report immediately signs and symptoms suggesting angioedema (swelling of the face, eyes, lips, tongue or difficulty in swallowing or breathing) and to stop taking the drug until they have consulted with their physician (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactic Reactions and Angioedema). Patients who have exhibited hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine should be informed that approximately 25% to 30% of these patients may experience hypersensitivity reactions with oxcarbazepine. Patients should be advised that if they experience a hypersensitivity reaction while taking oxcarbazepine they should consult with their physician immediately (see WARNINGS, Patients with a Past History of Hypersensitivity Reaction to Carbamazepine). Patients should be advised that serious skin reactions have been reported in association with oxcarbazepine. In the event a skin reaction should occur while taking oxcarbazepine, patients should consult with their physician immediately (see WARNINGS, Serious Dermatological Reactions). Patients should be instructed that a fever associated with other organ system involvement (rash, lymphadenopathy, etc.) may be drug related and should be reported to the physician immediately (see PRECAUTIONS, Multi-Organ Hypersensitivity). Female patients of childbearing age should be warned that the concurrent use of oxcarbazepine with hormonal contraceptives may render this method of contraception less effective (see Drug Interactions). Additional non-hormonal forms of contraception are recommended when using oxcarbazepine. Caution should be exercised if alcohol is taken in combination with oxcarbazepine therapy, due to a possible additive sedative effect. Patients should be advised that oxcarbazepine may cause dizziness and somnolence. Accordingly, patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on oxcarbazepine to gauge whether it adversely affects their ability to drive or operate machinery.<br/>Laboratory Tests: Serum sodium levels below 125 mmol/L have been observed in patients treated with oxcarbazepine (see WARNINGS). Experience from clinical trials indicates that serum sodium levels return toward normal when the oxcarbazepine dosage is reduced or discontinued, or when the patient was treated conservatively (e.g., fluid restriction). Laboratory data from clinical trials suggest that oxcarbazepine use was associated with decreases in T, without changes in Tor TSH.<br/>Drug Interactions: Oxcarbazepine can inhibit CYP2C19 and induce CYP3A4/5 with potentially important effects on plasma concentrations of other drugs. In addition, several AEDs that are cytochrome P450 inducers can decrease plasma concentrations of oxcarbazepine and MHD. Oxcarbazepine was evaluated in human liver microsomes to determine its capacity to inhibit the major cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the metabolism of other drugs. Results demonstrate that oxcarbazepine and its pharmacologically active 10-monohydroxy metabolite (MHD) have little or no capacity to function as inhibitors for most of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes evaluated (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP4A9 and CYP4A11) with the exception of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5. Although inhibition of CYP3A4/5 by oxcarbazepine and MHD did occur at high concentrations, it is not likely to be of clinical significance. The inhibition of CYP2C19 by oxcarbazepine and MHD, however, is clinically relevant (see below). In vitro, the UDP-glucuronyl transferase level was increased, indicating induction of this enzyme. Increases of 22% with MHD and 47% with oxcarbazepine were observed. As MHD, the predominant plasma substrate, is only a weak inducer of UDP-glucuronyl transferase, it is unlikely to have an effect on drugs that are mainly eliminated by conjugation through UDP-glucuronyl transferase (e.g., valproic acid, lamotrigine). In addition, oxcarbazepine and MHD induce a subgroup of the cytochrome P450 3A family (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) responsible for the metabolism of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists and oral contraceptives, resulting in a lower plasma concentration of these drugs. As binding of MHD to plasma proteins is low (40%), clinically significant interactions with other drugs through competition for protein binding sites are unlikely.<br/>Antiepileptic Drugs: Potential interactions between oxcarbazepine and other AEDs were assessed in clinical studies. The effect of these interactions on mean AUCs and Care summarized in Table 2. In vivo, the plasma levels of phenytoin increased by up to 40% when oxcarbazepine was given at doses above 1200 mg/day. Therefore, when using doses of oxcarbazepine greater than 1200 mg/day during adjunctive therapy, a decrease in the dose of phenytoin may be required. The increase of phenobarbital level, however, is small (15%) when given with oxcarbazepine. Strong inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes (i.e., carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital) have been shown to decrease the plasma levels of MHD (29% to 40%). No autoinduction has been observed with oxcarbazepine.<br/>Hormonal Contraceptives: Coadministration of oxcarbazepine with an oral contraceptive has been shown to influence the plasma concentrations of the two hormonal components, ethinylestradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LNG). The mean AUC values of EE were decreased by 48% [90% CI: 22 to 65] in one study and 52% [90% CI: 38 to 52] in another study. The mean AUC values of LNG were decreased by 32% [90% CI: 20 to 45] in one study and 52% [90% CI: 42 to 52] in another study. Therefore, concurrent use of oxcarbazepine with hormonal contraceptives may render these contraceptives less effective (see Drug Interactions). Studies with other oral or implant contraceptives have not been conducted.<br/>Calcium Antagonists: After repeated coadministration of oxcarbazepine, the AUC of felodipine was lowered by 28% [90% CI: 20 to 33]. Verapamil produced a decrease of 20% [90% CI: 18 to 27] of the plasma levels of MHD.<br/>Other Drug Interactions: Cimetidine, erythromycin and dextropropoxyphene had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of MHD. Results with warfarin show no evidence of interaction with either single or repeated doses of oxcarbazepine.<br/>Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions: There are no known interactions of oxcarbazepine with commonly used laboratory tests.<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: In two-year carcinogenicity studies, oxcarbazepine was administered in the diet at doses of up to 100 mg/kg/day to mice and by gavage at doses of up to 250 mg/kg to rats, and the pharmacologically active 10-hydroxy metabolite (MHD) was administered orally at doses of up to 600 mg/kg/day to rats. In mice, a dose-related increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas was observed at oxcarbazepine doses���70 mg/kg/day or approximately 0.1 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) on a mg/mbasis. In rats, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was increased in females treated with oxcarbazepine at doses���25 mg/kg/day (0.1 times the MRHD on a mg/mbasis), and incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and/or carcinomas were increased in males and females treated with MHD at doses of 600 mg/kg/day (2.4 times the MRHD on a mg/mbasis) and���250 mg/kg/day (equivalent to the MRHD on a mg/mbasis), respectively. There was an increase in the incidence of benign testicular interstitial cell tumors in rats at 250 mg oxcarbazepine/kg/day and at���250 mg MHD/kg/day, and an increase in the incidence of granular cell tumors in the cervix and vagina in rats at 600 mg MHD/kg/day. Oxcarbazepine increased mutation frequencies in the Ames test in vitro in the absence of metabolic activation in one of five bacterial strains. Both oxcarbazepine and MHD produced increases in chromosomal aberrations and polyploidy in the Chinese hamster ovary assay in vitro in the absence of metabolic activation. MHD was negative in the Ames test and no mutagenic or clastogenic activity was found with either oxcarbazepine or MHD in V79 Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Oxcarbazepine and MHD were both negative for clastogenic or aneugenic effects (micronucleus formation) in an in vivo rat bone marrow assay. In a fertility study in which rats were administered MHD (50, 150, or 450 mg/kg) orally prior to and during mating and early gestation, estrous cyclicity was disrupted and numbers of corpora lutea, implantations, and live embryos were reduced in females receiving the highest dose (approximately two times the MRHD on a mg/mbasis).<br/>Pregnancy:<br/>Teratogenic Effects:<br/>Labor and Delivery: The effect of oxcarbazepine on labor and delivery in humans has not been evaluated.<br/>Nursing Mothers: Oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite (MHD) are excreted in human breast milk. A milk-to-plasma concentration ratio of 0.5 was found for both. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions to oxcarbazepine in nursing infants, a decision should be made about whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug in nursing women, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.<br/>Patients with Renal Impairment: In renally-impaired patients (creatinine clearance<30 mL/min), the elimination half-life of MHD is prolonged with a corresponding two-fold increase in AUC (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics). Oxcarbazepine therapy should be initiated at one-half the usual starting dose and increased, if necessary, at a slower than usual rate until the desired clinical response is achieved.<br/>Pediatric Use: Oxcarbazepine is indicated for use as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Oxcarbazepine is also indicated as monotherapy for partial seizures in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Oxcarbazepine has been given to 770 patients between the ages of 3 to 17 years in controlled clinical trials (332 treated as monotherapy) and about 615 patients between the ages of 3 to 17 years in other trials. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS for a description of the adverse events associated with oxcarbazepine use in this population.) Additional pediatric use information in patients ages 2 to 4 years is approved for Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation's oxcarbazepine tablets and oral suspension. However due to Novartis' marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled for this pediatric age group.<br/>Geriatric Use: There were 52 patients over age 65 in controlled clinical trials and 565 patients over the age of 65 in other trials. Following administration of single (300 mg) and multiple (600 mg/day) doses of oxcarbazepine in elderly volunteers (60 to 82 years of age), the maximum plasma concentrations and AUC values of MHD were 30% to 60% higher than in younger volunteers (18 to 32 years of age). Comparisons of creatinine clearance in young and elderly volunteers indicate that the difference was due to age-related reductions in creatinine clearance. | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:overdosag... | Human Overdose Experience: Isolated cases of overdose with oxcarbazepine have been reported. The maximum dose taken was approximately 24,000 mg. All patients recovered with symptomatic treatment.<br/>Treatment and Management: There is no specific antidote. Symptomatic and supportive treatment should be administered as appropriate. Removal of the drug by gastric lavage and/or inactivation by administering activated charcoal should be considered. | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:genericMe... | Oxcarbazepine | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:fullName | Oxcarbazepine (Tablet, Film Coated) | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:adverseRe... | Most Common Adverse Events in All Clinical Studies:<br/>Adjunctive Therapy/Monotherapy in Adults Previously Treated with Other AEDs: The most commonly observed (���5%) adverse experiences seen in association with oxcarbazepine and substantially more frequent than in placebo-treated patients were: Dizziness, somnolence, diplopia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, abnormal vision, abdominal pain, tremor, dyspepsia, abnormal gait. Approximately 23% of these 1537 adult patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse experience. The adverse experiences most commonly associated with discontinuation were: Dizziness (6.4%), diplopia (5.9%), ataxia (5.2%), vomiting (5.1%), nausea (4.9%), somnolence (3.8%), headache (2.9%), fatigue (2.1%), abnormal vision (2.1%), tremor (1.8%), abnormal gait (1.7%), rash (1.4%), hyponatremia (1.0%).<br/>Monotherapy in Adults Not Previously Treated with Other AEDs: The most commonly observed (���5%) adverse experiences seen in association with oxcarbazepine in these patients were similar to those in previously treated patients. Approximately 9% of these 295 adult patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse experience. The adverse experiences most commonly associated with discontinuation were: Dizziness (1.7%), nausea (1.7%), rash (1.7%), headache (1.4%).<br/>Adjunctive Therapy/Monotherapy in Pediatric Patients 4 Years Old and Above Previously Treated with Other AEDs: The most commonly observed (���5%) adverse experiences seen in association with oxcarbazepine in these patients were similar to those seen in adults. Approximately 11% of these 456 pediatric patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse experience. The adverse experiences most commonly associated with discontinuation were: Somnolence (2.4%), vomiting (2.0%), ataxia (1.8%), diplopia (1.3%), dizziness (1.3%), fatigue (1.1%), nystagmus (1.1%).<br/>Monotherapy in Pediatric Patients 4 Years Old and Above Not Previously Treated with Other AEDs: The most commonly observed (���5%) adverse experiences seen in association with oxcarbazepine in these patients were similar to those in adults. Approximately 9.2% of 152 pediatric patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse experience. The adverse experiences most commonly associated (���1%) with discontinuation were rash (5.3%) and maculopapular rash (1.3%).<br/>Adjunctive Therapy/Monotherapy in Pediatric Patients 1 month to<4 Years Old Previously Treated or Not Previously Treated with Other AEDs: The most commonly observed (���5%) adverse experiences seen in association with oxcarbazepine in these patients were similar to those seen in older children and adults except for infections and infestations which were more frequently seen in these younger children. Approximately 11% of these 241 pediatric patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse experience. The adverse experiences most commonly associated with discontinuation were: Convulsions (3.7%), status epilepticus (1.2%), and ataxia (1.2%).<br/>Incidence in Controlled Clinical Studies: The prescriber should be aware that the figures in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 cannot be used to predict the frequency of adverse experiences in the course of usual medical practice where patient characteristics and other factors may differ from those prevailing during clinical studies. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be directly compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigations involving different treatments, uses, or investigators. An inspection of these frequencies, however, does provide the prescriber with one basis to estimate the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the adverse event incidences in the population studied.<br/>Controlled Clinical Studies of Adjunctive Therapy/Monotherapy in Adults Previously Treated with Other AEDs: Table 3 lists treatment-emergent signs and symptoms that occurred in at least 2% of adult patients with epilepsy treated with oxcarbazepine or placebo as adjunctive treatment and were numerically more common in the patients treated with any dose of oxcarbazepine. Table 4 lists treatment-emergent signs and symptoms in patients converted from other AEDs to either high dose oxcarbazepine or low dose (300 mg) oxcarbazepine. Note that in some of these monotherapy studies patients who dropped out during a preliminary tolerability phase are not included in the tables.<br/>Controlled Clinical Study of Monotherapy in Adults Not Previously Treated with Other AEDs: Table 5 lists treatment-emergent signs and symptoms in a controlled clinical study of monotherapy in adults not previously treated with other AEDs that occurred in at least 2% of adult patients with epilepsy treated with oxcarbazepine or placebo and were numerically more common in the patients treated with oxcarbazepine.<br/>Controlled Clinical Studies of Adjunctive Therapy/Monotherapy in Pediatric Patients Previously Treated with Other AEDs: Table 6 lists treatment-emergent signs and symptoms that occurred in at least 2% of pediatric patients with epilepsy treated with oxcarbazepine or placebo as adjunctive treatment and were numerically more common in the patients treated with oxcarbazepine.<br/>Other Events Observed in Association with the Administration of Oxcarbazepine: In the paragraphs that follow, the adverse events other than those in the preceding tables or text, that occurred in a total of 565 children and 1574 adults exposed to oxcarbazepine and that are reasonably likely to be related to drug use are presented. Events common in the population, events reflecting chronic illnessand events likely to reflect concomitant illness are omitted particularly if minor. They are listed in order of decreasing frequency. Because the reports cite events observed in open label and uncontrolled trials, the role of oxcarbazepine in their causation cannot be reliably determined. Body as a Whole: Fever, malaise, pain chest precordial, rigors, weight decrease. Cardiovascular System: Bradycardia, cardiac failure, cerebral hemorrhage, hypertension, hypotension postural, palpitation, syncope, tachycardia. Digestive System: Appetite increased, blood in stool, cholelithiasis, colitis, duodenal ulcer, dysphagia, enteritis, eructation, esophagitis, flatulence, gastric ulcer, gingival bleeding, gum hyperplasia, hematemesis, hemorrhage rectum, hemorrhoids, hiccup, mouth dry, pain biliary, pain right hypochondrium, retching, sialoadenitis, stomatitis, stomatitis ulcerative. Hemic and Lymphatic System: Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. Laboratory Abnormality: Gamma-GT increased, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, liver enzymes elevated, serum transaminase increased. Musculoskeletal System: Hypertonia muscle. Nervous System: Aggressive reaction, amnesia, anguish, anxiety, apathy, aphasia, aura, convulsions aggravated, delirium, delusion, depressed level of consciousness, dysphonia, dystonia, emotional lability, euphoria, extrapyramidal disorder, feeling drunk, hemiplegia, hyperkinesia, hyperreflexia, hypoesthesia, hypokinesia, hyporeflexia, hypotonia, hysteria, libido decreased, libido increased, manic reaction, migraine, muscle contractions involuntary, nervousness, neuralgia, oculogyric crisis, panic disorder, paralysis, paroniria, personality disorder, psychosis, ptosis, stupor, tetany. Respiratory System: Asthma, dyspnea, epistaxis, laryngismus, pleurisy. Skin and Appendages: Acne, alopecia, angioedema, bruising, dermatitis contact, eczema, facial rash, flushing, folliculitis, heat rash, hot flushes, photosensitivity reaction, pruritus genital, psoriasis, purpura, rash erythematous, rash maculopapular, vitiligo, urticaria. Special Senses: Accommodation abnormal, cataract, conjunctival hemorrhage, edema eye, hemianopia, mydriasis, otitis externa, photophobia, scotoma, taste perversion, tinnitus, xerophthalmia. Surgical and Medical Procedures: Procedure dental oral, procedure female reproductive, procedure musculoskeletal, procedure skin. Urogenital and Reproductive System: Dysuria, hematuria, intermenstrual bleeding, leukorrhea, menorrhagia, micturition frequency, pain renal, pain urinary tract, polyuria, priapism, renal calculus. Other: Systemic lupus erythematosus.<br/>Postmarketing and Other Experience: The following adverse events not seen in controlled clinical trials have been observed in named patient programs or postmarketing experience: Body as a Whole: Multi-organ hypersensitivity disorders characterized by features such as rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, abnormal liver function tests, eosinophilia and arthralgia (see PRECAUTIONS, Multi-Organ Hypersensitivity). Anaphylaxis (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactic Reactions and Angioedema). Digestive System: Pancreatitis and/or lipase and/or amylase increase. Skin and Appendages: Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (see WARNINGS, Serious Dermatological Reactions). | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:warning | Hyponatremia: Clinically significant hyponatremia (sodium<125 mmol/L) can develop during oxcarbazepine use. In the 14 controlled epilepsy studies 2.5% of oxcarbazepine-treated patients (38/1,524) had a sodium of less than 125 mmol/L at some point during treatment, compared to no such patients assigned placebo or active control (carbamazepine and phenobarbital for adjunctive and monotherapy substitution studies, and phenytoin and valproate for the monotherapy initiation studies). Clinically significant hyponatremia generally occurred during the first three months of treatment with oxcarbazepine, although there were patients who first developed a serum sodium<125 mmol/L more than one year after initiation of therapy. Most patients who developed hyponatremia were asymptomatic but patients in the clinical trials were frequently monitored and some had their oxcarbazepine dose reduced, discontinued, or had their fluid intake restricted for hyponatremia. Whether or not these maneuvers prevented the occurrence of more severe events is unknown. Cases of symptomatic hyponatremia have been reported during postmarketing use. In clinical trials, patients whose treatment with oxcarbazepine was discontinued due to hyponatremia generally experienced normalization of serum sodium within a few days without additional treatment. Measurement of serum sodium levels should be considered for patients during maintenance treatment with oxcarbazepine, particularly if the patient is receiving other medications known to decrease serum sodium levels (for example, drugs associated with inappropriate ADH secretion) or if symptoms possibly indicating hyponatremia develop (e.g., nausea, malaise, headache, lethargy, confusion, obtundation, or increase in seizure frequency or severity).<br/>Anaphylactic Reactions and Angioedema: Rare cases of anaphylaxis and angioedema involving the larynx, glottis, lips and eyelids have been reported in patients after taking the first or subsequent doses of oxcarbazepine. Angioedema associated with laryngeal edema can be fatal. If a patient develops any of these reactions after treatment with oxcarbazepine, the drug should be discontinued and an alternative treatment started. These patients should not be rechallenged with the drug (see WARNINGS, Patients with a Past History of Hypersensitivity Reaction to Carbamazepine).<br/>Patients with a Past History of Hypersensitivity Reaction to Carbamazepine: Patients who have had hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine should be informed that approximately 25% to 30% of them will experience hypersensitivity reactions with oxcarbazepine. For this reason patients should be specifically questioned about any prior experience with carbamazepine, and patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine should ordinarily be treated with oxcarbazepine only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk. If signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity develop, oxcarbazepine should be discontinued immediately (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactic Reactions and Angioedemaand PRECAUTIONS, Multi-Organ Hypersensitivity).<br/>Serious Dermatological Reactions: Serious dermatological reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), have been reported in both children and adults in association with oxcarbazepine use. The median time of onset for reported cases was 19 days. Such serious skin reactions may be life threatening, and some patients have required hospitalization with very rare reports of fatal outcome. Recurrence of the serious skin reactions following rechallenge with oxcarbazepine has also been reported. The reporting rate of TEN and SJS associated with oxcarbazepine use, which is generally accepted to be an underestimate due to underreporting, exceeds the background incidence rate estimates by a factor of 3 to 10 fold. Estimates of the background incidence rate for these serious skin reactions in the general population range between 0.5 to 6 cases per million-person years. Therefore, if a patient develops a skin reaction while taking oxcarbazepine, consideration should be given to discontinuing oxcarbazepine use and prescribing another antiepileptic medication.<br/>Withdrawal of AEDs: As with all antiepileptic drugs, oxcarbazepine should be withdrawn gradually to minimize the potential of increased seizure frequency. | lld:dailymed |
| dailymed-drugs:80 | dailymed-instance:indicatio... | Oxcarbazepine tablets are indicated for use as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in adults and as monotherapy in the treatment of partial seizures in children aged 4 years and above with epilepsy, and as adjunctive therapy in children aged 4 years and above with epilepsy. Additional pediatric use information in patients ages 2 to 4 years is approved for Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation's oxcarbazepine tablets and oral suspension. However due to Novartis' marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled for this pediatric age group. | lld:dailymed |
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