Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/652
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ACYCLOVIR (Solution)
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CAUTION���RAPID OR BOLUS INTRAVENOUS INJECTION MUST BE AVOIDED (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS). INTRAMUSCULAR OR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION MUST BE AVOIDED (see WARNINGS). Therapy should be initiated as early as possible following onset of signs and symptoms of herpes infections. A maximum dose equivalent to 20 mg/kg every 8 hours should not be exceeded for any patient.<br/>Dosage: Herpes Simplex Infections: Mucosal and Cutaneous Herpes Simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) Infections in lmmunocompromised Patients: Severe Initial Clinical Episodes of Herpes Genitalis: Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections (Birth to 3 months): 10 mg/kg infused at a constant rate over 1 hour, every 8 hours for 10 days. In neonatal herpes simplex infections, doses of 15 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg (infused at a constant rate over 1 hour every 8 hours) have been used; the safety and efficacy of these doses are not known. Varicella Zoster Infections: Zoster in Immunocompromised Patients: Obese Patients: Obese patients should be dosed at the recommended adult dose using Ideal Body Weight. Patients with Acute or Chronic Renal Impairment: Refer to DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section for recommended doses, and adjust the dosing interval as indicated in Table 5. Method of Preparation: Each 20 mL vial contains acyclovir sodium equivalent to 500 mg of acyclovir as a sterile aqueous solution. Each 40 mL vial contains acyclovir sodium equivalent to 1000 mg or 1 g of acyclovir as a sterile aqueous solution. The solution in the vial is ready for further dilution prior to infusion.<br/>Administration: The calculated dose should then be removed and added to any appropriate intravenous solution at a volume selected for administration during each 1-hour infusion. Infusion concentrations of approximately 7 mg/mL or lower are recommended. In clinical studies, the average 70-kg adult received between 60 and 150 mL of fluid per dose. Higher concentrations (e.g., 10 mg/mL) may produce phlebitis or inflammation at the injection site upon inadvertent extravasation. Standard, commercially available electrolyte and glucose solutions are suitable for intravenous administration; biologic or colloidal fluids (e.g., blood products, protein solutions, etc.) are not recommended. Once diluted for administration, each dose should be used within 24 hours. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
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Acyclovir is an antiviral drug active against herpes viruses. Acyclovir Injection is a formulation for intravenous administration. Acyclovir Injection is a sterile solution containing acyclovir 25 mg/mL. Acyclovir Injection is available in 20 mL and 40 mL vials, with each mL containing acyclovir sodium equivalent to 25 mg acyclovir. The pH has been adjusted with sodium hydroxide and if necessary, hydrochloric acid to fall in the range of 10.7 to 11.7. Dilution in any appropriate intravenous solution must be performed before infusion (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Method of Preparation and Administration). Each 20 mL vial contains 500 mg of acyclovir and 49 mg of sodium, and each 40 mL vial contains 1000 mg acyclovir and 98 mg of sodium. The chemical name of acyclovir is 9-[(2-Hydroxyethoxy)methyl]guanine sodium. The molecular formula of acyclovir is CHNONa and it has the following structural formula: Acyclovir sodium is a white, crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 247.19, and solubility in water at 25��C exceeding 100 mg/mL. At physiologic pH, acyclovir exists as the un-ionized form with a molecular weight of 225.21 and a maximum solubility of 2.5 mg/mL in water at 37��C. The pka's of acyclovir are 2.27 and 9.25.
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Pharmacokinetics: The pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous administration have been evaluated in adult patients with normal renal function during Phase 1/2 studies after single doses ranging from 0.5 to 15 mg/kg and after multiple doses ranging from 2.5 to 15 mg/kg every 8 hours. Proportionality between dose and plasma levels is seen after single doses or at steady state after multiple dosing. Average steady-state peak and trough concentrations from 1-hour infusions administered every 8 hours are given in Table 1. Concentrations achieved in the cerebrospinal fluid are approximately 50% of plasma values. Plasma protein binding is relatively low (9% to 33%) and drug interactions involving binding site displacement are not anticipated. Renal excretion of unchanged drug is the major route of acyclovir elimination accounting for 62% to 91% of the dose. The only major urinary metabolite detected is 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine accounting for up to 14.1% of the dose in patients with normal renal function. The half-life and total body clearance of acyclovir are dependent on renal function as shown in Table 2.<br/>Special Populations:<br/>Adults With Impaired Renal Function: Acyclovir was administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg to 6 adult patients with severe renal failure. The peak and trough plasma levels during the 47 hours preceding hemodialysis were 8.5 mcg/mL and 0.7 mcg/mL, respectively. Consult DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section for recommended adjustments in dosing based upon creatinine clearance.<br/>Pediatrics: Acyclovir pharmacokinetics were determined in 16 pediatric patients with normal renal function ranging in age from 3 months to 16 years at doses of approximately 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg every 8 hours (Table 3). Concentrations achieved at these regimens are similar to those in adults receiving 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg every 8 hours, respectively (Table 1). Acyclovir pharmacokinetics were determined in 12 patients ranging in age from birth to 3 months at doses of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 15 mg/kg every 8 hours (Table 3).<br/>Geriatrics: Acyclovir plasma concentrations are higher in geriatric patients compared to younger adults, in part due to age-related changes in renal function. Dosage reduction may be required in geriatric patients with underlying renal impairment (see PRECAUTIONS: Geriatric Use).<br/>Drug Interactions: Coadministration of probenecid with acyclovir has been shown to increase the mean acyclovir half life and the area under the concentration-time curve. Urinary excretion and renal clearance were correspondingly reduced.
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Acyclovir Injection is contraindicated for patients who develop hypersensitivity to acyclovir or valacyclovir.
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Acyclovir Injection is supplied as sterile vials, each containing acyclovir sodium equivalent to 500 mg of acyclovir for intravenous administration in 20 mL of water for injection, tray of 10 (NDC 61703-311-21). Each mL contains acyclovir 25 mg/mL. Acyclovir Injection is supplied as sterile vials, each containing acyclovir sodium equivalent to 1000 mg of acyclovir for intravenous administration in 40 mL of water for injection, tray of 10 (NDC 61703-311-43). Each mL contains acyclovir 25 mg/mL. Store between 15��to 25��C (59��and 77��F). Manufactured for: Mayne Pharma ( USA) Inc. Paramus, NJ 07652 By: Mayne Pharma Pty Ltd Mulgrave VIC 3170 Australia Rev. February 2004 480162
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General: Precipitation of acyclovir crystals in renal tubules can occur if the maximum solubility of free acyclovir (2.5 mg/mL at 37��C in water) is exceeded or if the drug is administered by bolus injection. Ensuing renal tubular damage can produce acute renal failure. Abnormal renal function (decreased creatinine clearance) can occur as a result of acyclovir administration and depends on the state of the patient's hydration, other treatments, and the rate of drug administration. Concomitant use of other nephrotoxic drugs, pre-existing renal disease, and dehydration make further renal impairment with acyclovir more likely. Administration of acyclovir by intravenous infusion must be accompanied by adequate hydration. When dosage adjustments are required, they should be based on estimated creatinine clearance (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Approximately 1% of patients receiving intravenous acyclovir have manifested encephalopathic changes characterized by either lethargy, obtundation, tremors, confusion, hallucinations, agitation, seizures, or coma. Acyclovir should be used with caution in those patients who have underlying neurologic abnormalities and those with serious renal, hepatic, or electrolyte abnormalities, or significant hypoxia.<br/>Drug Interactions: See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics.<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: The data presented below include references to peak steady-state plasma acyclovir concentrations observed in humans treated with 30 mg/kg/day (10 mg/kg every 8 hours, dosing appropriate for treatment of herpes zoster or herpes encephalitis), or 15 mg/kg/day (5 mg/kg every 8 hours, dosing appropriate for treatment of primary genital herpes or herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients). Plasma drug concentrations in animal studies are expressed as multiples of human exposure to acyclovir at the higher and lower dosing schedules (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics). Acyclovir was tested in lifetime bioassays in rats and mice at single daily doses of up to 450 mg/kg administered by gavage. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of tumors between treated and control animals, nor did acyclovir shorten the latency of tumors. At 450 mg/kg/day, plasma concentrations in both the mouse and rat bioassay were lower than concentrations in humans. Acyclovir was tested in 16 in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity assays. Acyclovir was positive in 5 of the assays. Acyclovir did not impair fertility or reproduction in mice (450 mg/kg/day, PO) or in rats (25 mg/kg/day, SC). In the mouse study, plasma levels were the same as human levels, while in the rat study, they were 1 to 2 times human levels. At higher doses (50 mg/kg/day, SC) in rats and rabbits (1 to 2 and 1 to 3 times human levels, respectively) implantation efficacy, but not litter size, was decreased. In a rat peri- and post-natal study at 50 mg/kg/day, SC, there was a statistically significant decrease in group mean numbers of corpora lutea, total implantation sites, and live fetuses. No testicular abnormalities were seen in dogs given 50 mg/kg/day, IV for 1 month (1 to 3 times human levels) or in dogs given 60 mg/kg/day orally for 1 year (the same as human levels). Testicular atrophy and aspermatogenesis were observed in rats and dogs at higher dose levels.<br/>Pregnancy:<br/>Teratogenic Effects:<br/>Nursing Mothers: Acyclovir concentrations have been documented in breast milk in 2 women following oral administration of acyclovir and ranged from 0.6 to 4.1 times corresponding plasma levels. These concentrations would potentially expose the nursing infant to a dose of acyclovir up to 0.3 mg/kg/day. Acyclovir should be administered to a nursing mother with caution and only when indicated.<br/>Pediatric Use: See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.<br/>Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of acyclovir did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has identified differences in the severity of CNS adverse events between elderly and younger patients (see ADVERSE REACTIONS: Observed During Clinical Practice). In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased renal function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
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Overdoses involving ingestions of up to 20 g have been reported. Adverse events that have been reported in association with overdosage include agitation, coma, seizures, and lethargy. Precipitation of acyclovir in renal tubules may occur when the solubility (2.5 mg/mL) is exceeded in the intratubular fluid. Overdosage has been reported following bolus injections or inappropriately high doses, and in patients whose fluid and electrolyte balance was not properly monitored. This has resultedin elevated BUN and serum creatinine, and subsequent renal failure. In the event of acute renal failure and anuria, the patient may benefit from hemodialysis until renal function is restored (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
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ACYCLOVIR
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ACYCLOVIR (Solution)
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The adverse reactions listed below have been observed in controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials in approximately 700 patients who received acyclovir at ~5 mg/kg (250 mg/m) 3 times daily, and approximately 300 patients who received ~10 mg/kg (500 mg/m) 3 times daily. The most frequent adverse reactions reported during administration of acyclovir were inflammation or phlebitis at the injection site in approximately 9% of the patients, and transient elevations of serum creatinine or BUN in 5% to 10% (the higher incidence occurred usually following rapid [less than 10 minutes] intravenous infusion). Nausea and/or vomiting occurred in approximately 7% of the patients (the majority occurring in nonhospitalized patients who received 10 mg/kg). Itching, rash, or hives occurred in approximately 2% of patients. Elevation of transaminases occurred in 1% to 2% of patients. The following hematologic abnormalities occurred at a frequency of less than 1%: anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. In addition, anorexia and hematuria were observed.<br/>Observed During Clinical Practice: In addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials, the following events have been identified during post-approval use of acyclovir injection in clinical practice. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, potential causal connection to acyclovir or a combination of these factors. General: Anaphylaxis, angioedema, fatigue, fever, headache, pain and peripheral edema. Digestive: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, nausea. Cardiovascular: Hypotension. Hematologic and Lymphatic: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolysis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy. Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas: Elevated liver function tests, hepatitis, hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice. Musculoskeletal: Myalgia. Nervous: Aggressive behavior, agitation, ataxia, coma, confusion, delirium, dizziness, dysarthria, encephalopathy, hallucinations, obtundation, paresthesia, psychosis, seizure, somnolence, tremor. These symptoms may be marked, particularly in older adults (see PRECAUTIONS). Skin: Alopecia, erythema multiforme, photosensitive rash, pruritus, rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, urticaria. Severe local inflammatory reactions, including tissue necrosis, have occurred following infusion of acyclovir into extravascular tissues. Special Senses: Visual abnormalities. Urogenital: Renal failure, elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated creatinine (see WARNINGS).
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Acyclovir Injection is intended for intravenous infusion only, and should not be administered topically, intramuscularly, orally, subcutaneously, or in the eye. Intravenous infusions must be given over a period of at least 1 hour to reduce the risk of renal tubular damage (see PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Renal failure, in some cases resulting in death, has been observed with acyclovir therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS: Observed During Clinical Practice and OVERDOSAGE). Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS), which has resulted in death, has occurred in immunocompromised patients receiving acyclovir therapy.
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Herpes Simplex Infections in lmmunocompromised Patients: Acyclovir Injection is indicated for the treatment of initial and recurrent mucosal and cutaneous herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in immunocompromised patients.<br/>Initial Episodes of Herpes Genitalis: Acyclovir Injection is indicated for the treatment of severe initial clinical episodes of herpes genitalis in immunocompetent patients.<br/>Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Acyclovir Injection is indicated for the treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis.<br/>Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Acyclovir Injection is indicated for the treatment of neonatal herpes infections.<br/>Varicella-Zoster Infections in lmmunocompromised Patients: Acyclovir Injection is indicated for the treatment of varicella-zoster (shingles) infections in immunocompromised patients.
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ACYCLOVIR
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