Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/38
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Irinotecan Hydrochloride (Injection)
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Dosage in Patients with Reduced U G T1 A1 Activity: When administered as a single-agent, a reduction in the starting dose by at least one level of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be considered for patients known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele . However, the precise dose reduction in this patient population is not known and subsequent dose modifications should be considered based on individual patient tolerance to treatment (See Tables 7 to 8).<br/>Single-Agent Dosage Schedules:<br/>Dosage Regimens: Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be administered as an intravenous infusion over 90 minutes for both the weekly and once-every-3-week dosage schedules (see Preparation of Infusion Solution). Single-agent dosage regimens are shown in Table 7. A reduction in the starting dose by one dose level of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection may be considered for patients with any of the following conditions: age���65 years, prior pelvic/abdominal radiotherapy, performance status of 2, or increased bilirubin levels. Dosing for patients with bilirubin>2 mg/dL cannot be recommended because there is insufficient information to recommend a dose in these patients. It is recommended that patients receive premedication with antiemetic agents. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of atropine should be considered in patients experiencing cholinergic symptoms. See PRECAUTIONS, General.<br/>Dose Modifications: Patients should be carefully monitored for toxicity and doses of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be modified as necessary to accommodate individual patient tolerance to treatment. Based on recommended dose-levels described in Table 7, Single-Agent Regimens of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection and Dose Modifications, subsequent doses should be adjusted as suggested in Table 8, Recommended Dose Modifications for Single-Agent Schedules. All dose modifications should be based on the worst preceding toxicity. A new cycle of therapy should not begin until the toxicity has recovered to NCI grade 1 or less. Treatment may be delayed 1 to 2 weeks to allow for recovery from treatment-related toxicity. If the patient has not recovered, consideration should be given to discontinuing this combination therapy. Provided intolerable toxicity does not develop, treatment with additional cycles of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection may be continued indefinitely as long as patients continue to experience clinical benefit.<br/>Preparation&Administration Precautions: As with other potentially toxic anticancer agents, care should be exercised in the handling and preparation of infusion solutions prepared from Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. The use of gloves is recommended. If a solution of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection contacts the skin, wash the skin immediately and thoroughly with soap and water. IfIrinotecan Hydrochloride Injection contacts the mucous membranes, flush thoroughly with water. Several published guidelines for handling and disposal of anticancer agents areavailable.<br/>Preparation of Infusion Solution: Inspect vial contents for particulate matter and repeat inspection when drug product is withdrawn from vial into syringe. Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection must be diluted prior to infusion. Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be diluted in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, (preferred) or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection,USP, to a final concentration range of 0.12 to 2.8 mg/mL. In most clinical trials, Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection was administered in 250 mL to 500 mL of5 % Dextrose Injection, USP. The solution is physically and chemically stable for up to 24 hours at room temperature (approximately 25��C) and in ambient fluorescent lighting. Solutions diluted in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, and stored at refrigerated temperatures (approximately 2��to 8��C), and protected from light are physically and chemically stable for 48 hours. Refrigeration of admixtures using 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, is not recommended due to a low and sporadic incidence of visible particulates. Freezing Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection and admixtures of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection may result in precipitation of the drug and should be avoided. Because of possible microbial contamination during dilution, it is advisable to use the admixture prepared with 5%Dextrose Injection, USP, within 24 hours if refrigerated (2��to 8��C, 36��to 46��F). In the case of admixtures prepared with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, or Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, the solutions should be used within 6 hours if kept at room temperature (15��to 30��C, 59��t o 86��F). Other drugs should not be added to the infusion solution. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
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Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is an antineoplastic agent of the topoisomerase I inhibitor class. Irinotecan hydrochloride was clinically investigated as CPT-11. Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is supplied as a sterile, yellow, clear, aqueous solution. It is available in two single-dose sizes: 2 mL-fill vials contain 40 mg irinotecan hydrochloride and 5 mL-fill vials contain 100 mg irinotecan hydrochloride. Each milliliter of solution contains 20 mg of irinotecan hydrochloride (on the basis of the trihydrate salt), 45 mg of sorbitol NF powder, and 0.9 mg of lactic acid, USP. The pH of the solution has been adjusted to 3.0 to 3.8 with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is intended for dilution with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP (D5W), or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, prior to intravenous infusion. The preferred diluent is 5% Dextrose Injection, USP. Irinotecan hydrochloride is a semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, an alkaloid extract from plants such as Mappia foetida. The chemical name is (S)-4,11-diethyl-3,4,12,14-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-3,14-dioxo1H-pyrano[3',4':6,7]-indolizino[1,2-b]quinolin-9-yl-[1,4'bipiperidine]-1'-carboxylate, monohydrochloride, trihydrate. Its structural formula is as follows: Irinotecan hydrochloride is a pale yellow to yellow crystalline powder, with the empirical formula CHNO���HCl���3HO and a molecular weight of 677.20. It is slightly soluble in water and organic solvents.
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Irinotecan is a derivative of camptothecin. Camptothecins interact specifically with the enzyme topoisomerase I which relieves torsional strain in DNA by inducing reversible single-strand breaks. Irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 bind to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and prevent religation of these single-strand breaks. Current research suggests that the cytotoxicity of irinotecan is due to double-strand DNA damage produced during DNA synthesis when replication enzymes interact with the ternary complex formed by topoisomerase I,DNA, and either irinotecan or SN-38. Mammalian cells cannot efficiently repair these double-strand breaks. Irinotecan serves as a water-soluble precursor of the lipophilic metabolite SN-38. SN-38 is formed from irinotecan by carboxylesterase-mediated cleavage of the carbamate bond between the camptothecin moiety and the dipiperidino side chain. SN-38 is approximately 1000 times as potent as irinotecan as an inhibitor of topoisomerase I purified from human and rodent tumor cell lines. In vitro cytotoxicity assays show that the potency of SN-38 relative to irinotecan varies from 2- to 2000-fold. However, the plasma area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) values for SN-38 are 2% to 8% of irinotecan and SN-38 is 95% bound to plasma proteins compared to approximately 50% bound to plasma proteins for irinotecan (see Pharmacokinetics). The precise contribution of SN-38 to the activity of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is thus unknown. Both irinotecan and SN-38 exist in an active lactone form and an inactive hydroxy acid anion form. A pH-dependent equilibrium exists between the two forms such that an acid pH promotes the formation of the lactone, while a more basic pH favors the hydroxy acid anion form. Administration of irinotecan has resulted in antitumor activity in mice bearing cancers of rodent origin and in human carcinoma xenografts of various histological types.<br/>Pharmacokinetics: After intravenous infusion of irinotecan in humans, irinotecan plasma concentrations decline in a multiexponential manner, with a mean terminal elimination half-life of about 6 to 12 hours. The mean terminal elimination half-life of the active metabolite SN-38 is about 10 to 20 hours. The half-lives of the lactone (active) forms of irinotecan and SN-38 are similar to those of total irinotecan and SN-38, as the lactone and hydroxy acid forms are in equilibrium. Over the recommended dose range of 50 to 350 mg/m, the AUC of irinotecan increases linearly with dose; the AUC of SN-38 increases less than proportionally with dose. Maximum concentrations of the active metabolite SN-38 are generally seen within 1 hour following the end of a 90-minute infusion of irinotecan. Pharmacokinetic parameters for irinotecan and SN-38 following a 90-minute infusion of irinotecan at dose levels of 125 and 340 mg/mdetermined in two clinical studies in patients with solid tumors are summarized in Table 1: Irinotecan exhibits moderate plasma protein binding (30% to 68% bound). SN-38 is highly bound to human plasma proteins (approximately 95% bound). The plasma protein to which irinotecan and SN-38 predominantly binds is albumin. Metabolism and Excretion: The metabolic conversion of irinotecan to the active metabolite SN-38 is mediated by carboxylesterase enzymes and primarily occurs in the liver. SN-38 is subsequently conjugated predominantly by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) to form a glucuronide metabolite. UGT1A1 activity is reduced in individuals with genetic polymorphisms that lead to reduced enzyme activity such as the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism. Approximately 10% of the North American population is homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele. In a prospective study, in which irinotecan was administered as a single-agent on a once-every-3-week schedule, patients who were homozygous for UGT1A1*28 had a higher exposure to SN-38 than patients with the wild-type UGT1A1 allele . SN-38 glucuronide had 1/50 to 1/100 the activity of SN-38 in cytotoxicity assays using two cell lines in vitro. The disposition of irinotecan has not been fully elucidated in humans. The urinary excretion of irinotecan is 11% to 20%; SN-38,<1%; and SN-38 glucuronide, 3%. The cumulative biliary and urinary excretion of irinotecan and its metabolites (SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide) over a period of 48 hours following administration of irinotecan in two patients ranged from approximately 25% (100 mg/m) to 50% (300 mg/m).<br/>Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations: Geriatric: In studies using the weekly schedule, the terminal half-life of irinotecan was 6.0 hours in patients who were 65 years or older and 5.5 hours in patients younger than 65 years. Dose-normalized AUCfor SN-38 in patients who were at least 65 years of age was 11% higher than in patients younger than 65 years. No change in the starting dose is recommended for geriatric patients receiving the weekly dosage schedule of irinotecan. The pharmacokinetics of irinotecan given once every 3 weeks has not been studied inthe geriatric population; a lower starting dose is recommended in patients 70 years or older based on clinical toxicity experience with this schedule . Pediatric: See Pediatric Use under PRECAUTIONS. Gender: The pharmacokinetics of irinotecan do not appear to be influenced by gender. Race: The influence of race on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan has not been evaluated. Hepatic Insufficiency: Irinotecan clearance is diminished in patients with hepatic dysfunction while exposure to the active metabolite SN-38 is increased relative to that in patients with normal hepatic function. The magnitude of these effects is proportional to the degree of liver impairment as measured by elevations in total bilirubin and transaminase concentrations. However, the tolerability of irinotecan in patients with hepatic dysfunction (bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dl) has not been assessed sufficiently, and no recommendations for dosing can be made. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and PRECAUTIONS: Patients at Particular Risk Sections. Renal Insufficiency: The influence of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan has not been evaluated. Therefore, caution should be undertaken in patients with impaired renal function. Irinotecan is not recommended for use in patients on dialysis.<br/>Drug-Drug Interactions: Anticonvulsants: Exposure to irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 is substantially reduced in adult and pediatric patients concomitantly receiving the CYP3A4 enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants phenytoin, phenobarbital or carbamazepine. The appropriate starting dose for patients taking these anticonvulsants has not been formally defined. The following drugs are also CYP3A4 inducers: rifampin, rifabutin. For patients requiring anticonvulsant treatment, consideration should be given to substituting non-enzyme inducing anticonvulsants at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of irinotecan therapy. Dexamethasone does not appear to alter the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan. St. John's Wort: St. John's Wort is an inducer of CYP3A4 enzymes. Exposure to the active metabolite SN-38 is reduced in patients receiving concomitant St. John's Wort. St. John's Wort should be discontinued at least 2 weeks prior to the first cycle of irinotecan, and St. John's Wort is contraindicated during irinotecan therapy. Ketoconazole: Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 enzymes. Patients receiving concomitant ketoconazole have increased exposure to irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38. Patients should discontinue ketoconazole at least 1 week prior to starting irinotecan therapy and ketoconazole is contraindicated during irinotecan therapy. Neuromuscular blocking agents. Interaction between irinotecan and neuromuscular blocking agents cannot be ruled out. Irinotecan has anticholinesterase activity which may prolong the neuromuscular blocking effects of suxamethonium and the neuromuscular blockade of non-depolarizing drugs may be antagonized. Atazanavir sulfate: Coadministration of atazanavir sulfate, a CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 inhibitor has the potential to increase systemic exposure of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. Physicians should take this into consideration when co-administering these drugs.
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Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to the drug or its excipients.
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Each mL of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection contains 20 mg irinotecan hydrochloride (on the basis of the trihydrate salt); 45 mg sorbitol; and 0.9 mg lactic acid. When necessary, pH has been adjusted to 3.0 to 3.8 with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is available in single-dose amber glass vials in the following package sizes: 2 mL NDC 25021-200-025 mL NDC 25021-200-05 This is packaged in a single carton. The vial should be inspected for damage and visible signs of leaks before opening. If damaged, incinerate the unopened package. Store at controlled room temperature 20��to 25��C (68��to 77��F); excursions permitted to 15��to 30��C (59��to 86��F). Protect from light. It is recommended that the vial should remain in the carton until the time of use. Rx only
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WARNINGS: Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be administered only under the supervision of a physician who is experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Appropriate management of complications is possible only when adequate diagnostic and treatment facilities are readily available. Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection can induce both early and late forms of diarrhea that appear to be mediated by different mechanisms. Both formsof diarrhea may be severe. Early diarrhea (occurring during or shortly after infusion of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection) may be accompanied by cholinergic symptoms of rhinitis, increased salivation, miosis,lacrimation, diaphoresis, flushing, and intestinal hyperperistalsis that can cause abdominal cramping. Early diarrhea and other cholinergic symptoms may be prevented or ameliorated by atropine . Late diarrhea (generally occurring more than 24 hours after administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection) can be life threatening since it may be prolonged and may lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, or sepsis. Late diarrhea should be treated promptly with loperamide. Patients with diarrhea should be carefully monitored and given fluid and electrolyte replacement if they become dehydrated or antibiotic therapy if they develop ileus, fever, or severe neutropenia . Administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be interrupted and subsequent doses reduced if severe diarrhea occurs . Severe myelosuppression may occur .
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General: Care of Intravenous Site: Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is administered by Intravenous infusion. Care should be taken to avoid extravasation, and the infusion site should be monitored for signs of inflammation. Should extravasation occur, flushing the site with sterile water and applications of ice are recommended. Premedication with Antiemetics: Irinotecan is emetigenic. It is recommended that patients receive premedication with antiemetic agents. In clinical studies of the weekly dosage schedule, the majority of patients received 10 mg of dexamethasone given in conjunction with another type of antiemetic agent, such as a 5-HTblocker (e.g., ondansetron or granisetron). Antiemetic agents should be given on the day of treatment, starting at least 30 minutes before administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Physicians should also consider providing patients with an antiemetic regimen (e.g., prochlorperazine) for subsequent use as needed. Treatment of Cholinergic Symptoms: Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of 0.25 to 1 mg of intravenous or subcutaneous atropine should be considered (unless clinically contraindicated) in patients experiencing rhinitis, increased salivation, miosis, lacrimation, diaphoresis, flushing, abdominal cramping, or diarrhea (occurringduring or shortly after infusion of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection). These symptoms are expected to occur more frequently with higher irinotecan doses. Patients at Particular Risk:The use of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection in patients with significant hepatic dysfunction has not been established. In clinical trials of either dosing schedule, irinotecan was not administered to patients with serum bilirubin>2.0 mg/dL, or transaminase>3 times the upper limit of normal if no liver metastasis, or transaminase>5 times the upper limit of normal with liver metastasis. In clinical trials of the weekly dosage schedule, patients with modestly elevated baseline serum total bilirubin levels (1.0 to 2.0 mg/dL) had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing first-cycle, grade 3 or 4 neutropenia than those with bilirubin levels that were less than 1.0 mg/dL (50% [19/38] versus 18% [47/226]; p<0.001). Also see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations: Hepatic Insufficiency. Patients with deficient glucuronidation of bilirubin, such as those with Gilbert's syndrome, may be at greater risk of myelosuppression when receiving therapy with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Ketoconazole, enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants and St. John's Wort are known to have drug-drug interactions with irinotecan therapy. Irinotecan commonly causes neutropenia, leucopenia, and anemia, any of which may be severe and therefore should not be used in patients with severe bone marrow failure.Patients must not be treated with irinotecan until resolution of the bowel obstruction. Patients with hereditary fructose intolerance should not be given Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection, as this product contains sorbitol.<br/>Information for Patients: Patients and patients' caregivers should be informed of the expected toxic effects of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection, particularly of its gastrointestinal complications, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and infection. Each patient should be instructed to have loperamide readily available and to begin treatment for late diarrhea (generally occurring morethan 24 hours after administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection) at the first episode of poorly formed or loose stools or the earliest onset of bowel movements more frequent than normally expected for the patient. One dosage regimen for loperamide used in clinical trials consisted of the following (Note: This dosage regimen exceeds the usual dosage recommendations for loperamide.): 4 mg at the first onset of late diarrhea and then 2 mg every 2 hours until the patient is diarrhea-free for at least 12 hours. Loperamide is not recommended to be used for more than 48 consecutive hours at these doses, because of the risk of paralytic ileus. During the night, the patient may take 4 mg of loperamide every 4 hours. Premedication with loperamide is not recommended. The use of drugs with laxative properties should be avoided because of the potential for exacerbation of diarrhea. Patients should be advised to contact their physician to discuss any laxative use. Patients should be instructed to contact their physician or nurse if any of the following occur: diarrhea for the first time during treatment; black or bloody stools; symptoms of dehydration such as lightheadedness, dizziness, or faintness; inability to take fluids by mouth due to nausea or vomiting; inability to get diarrhea under control within 24 hours; or fever or evidence of infection. Patients should be warned about the potential for dizziness or visual disturbances which may occur within 24 hours following the administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection, and advised not to drive or operate machinery if these symptoms occur. Patients should be alerted to the possibility of alopecia.<br/>Laboratory Tests: Careful monitoring of the white blood cell count with differential, hemoglobin, and platelet count is recommended before each dose of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection.<br/>Drug Interactions: The adverse effects of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection, such as myelosuppression and diarrhea, would be expected to be exacerbated by other antineoplastic agents having similar adverse effects. Patients who have previously received pelvic/ abdominal irradiation are at increased risk of severe myelosuppression following the administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. The concurrent administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection with irradiation has not been adequately studied and is not recommended. Lymphocytopenia has been reported in patients receiving Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection, and it is possible that the administration of dexamethasone as antiemetic prophylaxis may have enhanced the likelihood of this effect. However, serious opportunistic infections have not been observed, and no complications have specifically been attributed to lymphocytopenia. Hyperglycemia has also been reported in patients receiving Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Usually, this has been observed in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus or evidence of glucose intolerance prior to administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. It is probable that dexamethasone, given as antiemetic prophylaxis, contributed to hyperglycemia in some patients. The incidence of akathisia in clinical trials of the weekly dosage schedule was greater(8.5%, 4/47 patients) when prochlorperazine was administered on the same day as Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection than when these drugs were given on separate days (1.3%, 1/80 patients). The 8.5% incidence of akathisia, however, is within the range reported for use of prochlorperazine when given as a premedication for other chemotherapies. It would be expected that laxative use during therapy with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection would worsen the incidence or severity of diarrhea, but this has not been studied. In view of the potential risk of dehydration secondary to vomiting and/or diarrhea induced by Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection, the physician may wish to withhold diuretics during dosing with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection and, certainly, during periods of active vomiting or diarrhea.<br/>Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions: There are no known interactions between Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection and laboratory tests.<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis&Impairment of Fertility: Long-term carcinogenicity studies with irinotecan were not conducted. Rats were, however, administered intravenous doses of 2 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg irinotecan once per week for 13 weeks (in separate studies, the 25 mg/kg dose produced an irinotecan Cand AUC that were about 7.0 times and 1.3 times the respective values in patients administered 125 mg/mweekly) and were then allowed to recover for 91 weeks. Under these conditions, there was a significant linear trend with dose for the incidence of combined uterine horn endometrial stromal polyps and endometrial stromal sarcomas. Neither irinotecan nor SN-38 was mutagenic in the in vitro Ames assay. Irinotecan was clastogenic both in vitro (chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells) and in vivo (micronucleus test in mice). No significant adverse effects on fertility and general reproductive performance were observed after intravenous administration of irinotecan in doses of up to 6 mg/kg/day to rats and rabbits. However, atrophy of male reproductive organs was observed after multiple daily irinotecan doses both in rodents at 20 mg/kg (which in separate studies produced an irinotecan Cand AUC about 5 and 1 times, respectively, the corresponding values in patients administered 125 mg/mweekly) and dogs at 0.4 mg/kg (which in separate studies produced an irinotecan Cand AUC about one-half and 1/15th, respectively, the corresponding values in patients administered 125 mg/mweekly).<br/>Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category D���see WARNINGS.<br/>Nursing Mothers: Radioactivity appeared in rat milk within 5 minutes of intravenous administration of radiolabeled irinotecan and was concentrated up to 65-fold at 4 hours after administration relative to plasma concentrations. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, it is recommendedthat nursing be discontinued when receiving therapy with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection.<br/>Pediatric Use: The effectiveness of irinotecan in pediatric patients has not been established. Results from two open-label, single arm studies were evaluated. One hundred and seventy children with refractory solid tumors were enrolled in one phase 2 trial in which 50 mg/mof irinotecan was infused for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks. Grade 3-4 neutropenia was experienced by 54 (31.8%) patients. Neutropenia was complicated by fever in 15 (8.8%) patients. Grade 3-4 diarrhea was observed in 35 (20.6%) patients. This adverse event profile was comparable to that observed in adults. In the second phase 2 trial of 21 children with previously untreated rhabdomyosarcoma, 20 mg/mof irinotecan was infused for 5 consecutive days on weeks 0, 1, 3 and 4. This single agent therapy was followed by multimodal therapy. Accrual to the single agent irinotecan phase was halted due to the high rate (28.6%) of progressive disease and the early deaths (14%). The adverse event profile was different in this study from that observed in adults; the most significant grade 3 or 4 adverse events were dehydration experienced by 6 patients (28.6%) associated with severe hypokalemia in 5 patients (23.8%) and hyponatremia in 3 patients (14.3%); in addition Grade 3-4 infection was reported in 5 patients (23.8%) (across all courses of therapy and irrespective of causal relationship). Pharmacokinetic parameters for irinotecan and SN-38 were determined in 2 pediatric solid-tumor trials at dose levels of 50 mg/m(60-min infusion, n=48) and 125 mg/m(90-min infusion, n=6). Irinotecan clearance (mean��S.D.) was 17.3��6.7 L/h/mfor the 50mg/mdose and 16.2��4.6 L/h/mfor the 125 mg/mdose, which is comparable to that in adults. Dose-normalized SN-38 AUC values were comparable between adults and children. Minimal accumulation of irinotecan and SN-38 was observed in children on daily dosing regimens [daily x 5 every 3 weeks or (daily x 5) x 2 weeks every 3 weeks].<br/>Geriatric Use: Patients greater than 65 years of age should be closely monitored because of a greater risk of late diarrhea in this population . The starting dose of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection inpatients 70 years and older for the once-every-3-week-dosage schedule should be 300 mg/m.
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In U.S. phase 1 trials, single doses of up to 345 mg/mof irinotecan were administered to patients with various cancers. Single doses of up to 750 mg/mof irinotecan have been given in non-U.S. trials. The adverse events in these patients were similar to those reported with the recommended dosage and regimen. There have been reports of overdosage at doses up to approximately twice the recommended therapeutic dose, which may be fatal. The most significant adverse reactions reported were severe neutropenia and severe diarrhea. There is no known antidote for overdosage of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Maximum supportive care should be instituted to prevent dehydration due to diarrhea and to treat any infectious complications.
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Irinotecan hydrochloride
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Irinotecan Hydrochloride (Injection)
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Second-Line Single-Agent Therapy:<br/>Weekly Dosage Schedule: In three clinical studies evaluating the weekly dosage schedule, 304 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum that had recurred or progressed following 5-FU-based therapy were treated with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Seventeen of the patients died within 30 days of the administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection; in five cases (1.6%, 5/304), the deaths were potentially drug-related. These five patients experienced a constellation of medical events that included known effects of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. One of these patients died of neutropenic sepsis without fever. Neutropenic fever occurred in nine (3.0%) other patients; these patients recovered with supportive care. One hundred nineteen (39.1%) of the 304 patients were hospitalized a total of 156 times because of adverse events; 81 (26.6%) patients were hospitalized for events judged to be related to administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. The primary reasons for drug-related hospitalization were diarrhea, with or without nausea and/or vomiting (18.4%); neutropenia/leukopenia, with or without diarrhea and/or fever (8.2%); and nausea and/or vomiting (4.9%). Adjustments in the dose of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection were made during the cycle of treatment and for subsequent cycles based on individual patient tolerance. The first dose of at least one cycle of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection was reduced for 67% of patients who began the studies at the 125-mg/mstarting dose. Within-cycle dose reductions were required for 32% of the cycles initiated at the 125-mg/mdose level. The most common reasons for dose reduction were late diarrhea, neutropenia, and leukopenia. Thirteen (4.3%) patients discontinued treatment with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection because of adverse events. The adverse events in Table 5 are based on the experience of the 304 patients enrolled in the three studies described in the CLINICAL STUDIES, Studies Evaluating the Weekly Dosage Schedule, section.<br/>Once-Every-3-Week Dosage Schedule: A total of 535 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer whose disease had recurred or progressed following prior 5-FU therapy participated in the two phase 3 studies: 316 received irinotecan, 129 received 5-FU, and 90 received best supportive care. Eleven (3.5%) patients treated with irinotecan died within 30 days of treatment. In three cases (1%, 3/316), the deaths were potentially related to irinotecan treatment and were attributed to neutropenic infection, grade 4 diarrhea, and asthenia, respectively. One (0.8%, 1/129) patient treated with 5-FU died within 30 days of treatment; this death was attributed to grade 4 diarrhea. Hospitalizations due to serious adverse events (whether or not related to study treatment) occurred at least once in 60% (188/316) of patients who received irinotecan, 63% (57/90) who received best supportive care, and 39% (50/129) who received 5-FU-based therapy. Eight percent of patients treated with irinotecan and 7% treated with 5-FU-based therapy discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Of the 316 patients treated with irinotecan, the most clinically significant adverse events (all grades, 1-4) were diarrhea (84%), alopecia (72%), nausea (70%), vomiting (62%), cholinergic symptoms (47%), and neutropenia (30%). Table 6 lists the grade 3 and 4 adverse events reported in the patients enrolled to all treatment arms of the two studies described in the CLINICAL STUDIES, Studies Evaluating the Once-Every-3- Week Dosage Schedule, section.<br/>Overview of Adverse Events: Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common adverse events following treatment with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection and can be severe. When observed, nausea and vomiting usually occur during or shortly after infusion of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. In the clinical studies testing the every 3-week-dosage schedule, the median time to the onset of late diarrhea was 5 days after irinotecan infusion. In the clinical studies evaluating the weekly dosage schedule, the median time to onset of late diarrhea was 11 days following administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. For patientsstarting treatment at the 125-mg/mweekly dose, the median duration of any grade of late diarrhea was 3 days. Among those patients treated at the 125-mg/mweekly dose who experienced grade 3 or 4 late diarrhea, the median duration of the entire episode of diarrhea was 7 days. The frequenc of grade 3 or 4 late diarrhea was somewhat greater in patients starting treatment at 125 mg/mthan in patients given a 100-mg/mweekly starting dose (34% [65/193] versus 23% [24/102]; p=0.08). The frequency of grade 3 and 4 late diarrhea by age was significantly greater in patients���65 years than in patients<65 years (40% [53/133] versus 23% [40/171]; p=0.002). In one study of the weekly dosage treatment, the frequency of grade 3 and 4 late diarrhea was significantly greater in male than in female patients (43% [25/58] versus 16% [5/32]; p=0.01), but there were no gender differences in the frequency of grade 3 and 4 late diarrhea in the other two studies of the weekly dosage treatment schedule. Colonic ulceration, sometimes with gastrointestinal bleeding, has been observed in association with administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Hematology: Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection commonly causes neutropenia, Leucopenia (including lymphocytopenia), and anemia. Serious thrombocytopenia is uncommon. When evaluated in the trials of weekly administration, the frequency of grade 3 and 4 neutropenia was significantly higher in patients who received previous pelvic/abdominal irradiation than in those who had not received such irradiation (48% [13/27] versus 24% [67/277]; p=0.04). In these same studies, patients with baseline serum total bilirubin levels of 1.0 mg/dL or more also had a significantly greater likelihood of experiencing first-cycle grade 3 or 4 neutropenia than those with bilirubin levels that were less than 1.0 mg/dL (50% [19/38] versus 18% [47/266]; p<0.001). There were no significant differences in the frequency of grade 3 and 4 neutropenia by age or gender. In the clinical studies evaluating the weekly dosage schedule, neutropenic fever (concurrent NCI grade 4 neutropenia and fever of grade 2 or greater) occurred in 3% of the patients; 6% of patients received G-CSF for the treatment of neutropenia. NCI grade 3 or 4 anemia was noted in 7% of the patients receiving weekly treatment; blood transfusions were given to 10% of the patients in these trials. Body as a Whole: Asthenia, fever, and abdominal pain are generally the most common events of this type. Cholinergic Symptoms: Patients may have cholinergic symptoms of rhinitis, increased salivation, miosis, lacrimation, diaphoresis, flushing, and intestinal hyperperistalsis that can cause abdominal cramping and early diarrhea. If these symptoms occur, they manifest during or shortly after drug infusion. They are thought to be related to the anticholinesterase activity of the irinotecan parent compound and are expected to occur more frequently with higher irinotecan doses. Hepatic: In the clinical studies evaluating the weekly dosage schedule, NCI grade 3 or 4 liver enzyme abnormalities were observed in fewer than 10% of patients. These events typically occur in patients with known hepatic metastases. Dermatologic: Alopecia has been reported during treatment with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Rashes have also been reported but did not result in discontinuation of treatment. Respiratory: Severe pulmonary events are infrequent. In the clinical studies evaluating the weekly dosage schedule, NCI grade 3 or 4 dyspnea was reported in 4% of patients. Over half the patients with dyspnea had lung metastases; the extent to which malignant pulmonary involvement or other preexisting lung disease may have contributed to dyspnea in these patients is unknown. Interstitial pulmonary disease presenting as pulmonary infiltrates is uncommon during irinotecan therapy. Interstitial pulmonary disease can be fatal. Risk factors possibly associated with the development of interstitial pulmonary disease include pre-existing lung disease, use of pneumotoxic drugs, radiation therapy, and colony stimulating factors. Patients with risk factors should be closely monitored for respiratory symptoms before and during irinotecan therapy. Neurologic: Insomnia and dizziness can occur, but are not usually considered to be directly related to the administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Dizziness may sometimes represent symptomatic evidence of orthostatic hypotension in patients with dehydration. Cardiovascular: Vasodilation (flushing) may occur during administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Bradycardia may also occur, but has not required intervention. These effects have been attributed to the cholinergic syndrome sometimes observed during or shortly after infusion of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. Thromboembolic events have been observed in patients receiving Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection; the specific cause of these events has not been determined.<br/>Other Non-U.S. Clinical Trials: Irinotecan has been studied in over 1100 patients in Japan. Patients in these studies had a variety of tumor types, including cancer of the colon or rectum, and were treated with several different doses and schedules. In general, the types of toxicities observed were similar to those seen in U.S. trials with Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection. There is some information from Japanese trials that Patients with considerable ascites or pleural effusions were at increased risk for neutropenia or diarrhea. A potentially life-threatening pulmonary syndrome, consisting of dyspnea, fever, and a reticulonodular pattern on chest x-ray, was observed in a small percentage of patients in early Japanese studies. The contribution of irinotecan to these preliminary events was difficult to assess because these patients also had lung tumors and some had preexisting nonmalignant pulmonary disease. As a result of these observations, however, clinical studies in the United States have enrolled few patients with compromised pulmonary function, significant ascites, or pleural effusions.<br/>Post-Marketing Experience: The following events have been identified during postmarketing use of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection in clinical practice. Infrequent cases of ulcerative and ischemic colitis have been observed. This can be complicated by ulceration, bleeding, ileus, obstruction, and infection, including typhlitis. Patients experiencing ileus should receive prompt antibiotic support . Rare cases of intestinal perforation have been reported. Rare cases of symptomatic pancreatitis or asymptomatic elevated pancreatic enzymes have been observed. Hypersensitivity reactions including severe anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions have also been observed . Rare cases of hyponatremia mostly related with diarrhea and vomiting have been reported. Transient and mild to moderate increases in serum levels of transaminases (i.e., AST and ALT) in the absence of progressive liver metastasis; transient increase of amylase and occasionally transient increase of lipase have been very rarely reported. Infrequent cases of renal insufficiency including acute renal failure, hypotension or circulatory failure have been observed in patients who experienced episodes of dehydration associated with diarrhea and/or vomiting, or sepsis . Early effects such as muscular contraction or cramps and paresthesia have been reported.
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Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be administered only under the supervision of a physician who is experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Appropriate management of complications is possible only when adequate diagnostic and treatment facilities are readily available. Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection can induce both early and late forms of diarrhea that appear to be mediated by different mechanisms. Both formsof diarrhea may be severe. Early diarrhea (occurring during or shortly after infusion of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection) may be accompanied by cholinergic symptoms of rhinitis, increased salivation, miosis,lacrimation, diaphoresis, flushing, and intestinal hyperperistalsis that can cause abdominal cramping. Early diarrhea and other cholinergic symptoms may be prevented or ameliorated by atropine . Late diarrhea (generally occurring more than 24 hours after administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection) can be life threatening since it may be prolonged and may lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, or sepsis. Late diarrhea should be treated promptly with loperamide. Patients with diarrhea should be carefully monitored and given fluid and electrolyte replacement if they become dehydrated or antibiotic therapy if they develop ileus, fever, or severe neutropenia . Administration of Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection should be interrupted and subsequent doses reduced if severe diarrhea occurs . Severe myelosuppression may occur .
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Irinotecan Hydrochloride Injection is indicated for patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum whose disease has recurred or progressed following initial fluorouracil-based therapy.
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Irinotecan Hydrochloride
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