Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/3408
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| rdf:type | |
| rdfs:label |
Halothane (Inhalant)
|
| dailymed-instance:dosage |
Halothane, USP may be administered by the nonrebreathing
technique, partial rebreathing, or closed technique. The induction
dose varies from patient to patient. The maintenance dose varies from
0.5 to 1.5%. Halothane may be administered with
either oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide.
|
| dailymed-instance:descripti... |
Halothane, USP is an inhalation anesthetic chemically
designated 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. The specific gravity
is 1.872 to 1.877 at 20��C, and the boiling point (range) is
49��to 51��C, at 760 mm Hg. The vapor pressure is 243
mm Hg at 20��C. The blood/gas coefficient is 2.5 at 37��C, and the olive oil/water coefficient is 220 at 37��C. Vapor
concentrations within anesthetic range are nonirritating and have
a pleasant odor. Halothane is nonflammable, and its vapors mixed with
oxygen in proportions from 0.5 to 50% (v/v) are not explosive. Halothane
has a molecular weight of 197.38 and a chemical formula of CHBrClF. Halothane does not decompose
in contact with warm soda lime. When moisture is present, the vapor
attacks aluminum, brass and lead, but not copper. Rubber, some plastics,
and similar materials are soluble in Halothane; such materials will
deteriorate rapidly in contact with Halothane vapor or liquid. Stability
of liquid Halothane is maintained by the addition of 0.01% thymol
(w/w), and storage is in amber colored bottles. Halothane should not be kept indefinitely in vaporizer bottles not
specifically designed for its use. It is recommended that vaporizers
be emptied at the end of each operating day. Thymol, which does not
volatilize along with Halothane, accumulates in the vaporizer, and
may, in time, impart a yellow color to the remaining liquid or to
wicks in vaporizers. The development of such discoloration may be
used as an indicator that the vaporizer should be drained and cleaned,
and the discolored Halothane discarded. Accumulation of thymol may
be removed by washing with diethyl ether. After cleaning a wick or
vaporizer, make certain all the diethyl ether has been removed before
reusing the equipment to avoid introducing ether into the system. ACTIONS Volatilized Halothane, USP acts as an inhalation anesthetic.
Induction and recovery are rapid and depth of anesthesia can be rapidly
altered. Halothane anesthesia progressively depresses respiration.
There may be tachypnea with reduced tidal volume and alveolar ventilation.
Halothane vapor is not an irritant to the respiratory tract, and no
increase in salivary or bronchial secretions ordinarily occurs. Pharyngeal
and laryngeal reflexes are rapidly obtunded. It causes bronchodilation.
Hypoxia, acidosis, or apnea may develop during deep anesthesia. Halothane anesthesia reduces the blood pressure, and frequently
decreases the pulse rate. The greater the concentration of the drug,
the more evident these changes become. Atropine may reverse the bradycardia.
Halothane anesthesia also causes dilation of the vessels of the skin
and skeletal muscles. It does not cause the release of catecholamines
from adrenergic stores. Cardiac arrhythmias
may occur during Halothane anesthesia. These include nodal rhythm,
A-V dissociation, ventricular extra systoles and asystole. Halothane
sensitizes the myocardial conduction system to the action of epinephrine
and levarterenol (norepinephrine), and the combination may cause serious
cardiac arrhythmias. Halothane anesthesia increases cerebral spinal
fluid pressure and produces moderate muscular relaxation. Muscle relaxants
are used as adjuncts in order to maintain lighter levels of anesthesia.
Halothane anesthesia augments the action of nondepolarizing skeletal
muscle relaxants and ganglionic blocking agents. Halothane also is
a potent uterine relaxant.
|
| dailymed-instance:activeIng... | |
| dailymed-instance:contraind... |
Halothane is not recommended for obstetrical anesthesia
except when uterine relaxation is required.
|
| dailymed-instance:supply |
Halothane, USP (List No. 4894), is supplied in amber
colored 250 mL glass bottles, stabilized with thymol 0.01% (w/w). Store in cool, dry place and
protect from undue exposure to light. June, 2005
|
| dailymed-instance:genericDr... | |
| dailymed-instance:activeMoi... | |
| dailymed-instance:inactiveI... | |
| dailymed-instance:possibleD... |
diseasome-diseases:1090,
diseasome-diseases:1436,
diseasome-diseases:2198,
diseasome-diseases:2312,
diseasome-diseases:2445,
diseasome-diseases:2531,
diseasome-diseases:2666,
diseasome-diseases:338,
diseasome-diseases:3385,
diseasome-diseases:372,
diseasome-diseases:3755,
diseasome-diseases:3766,
diseasome-diseases:3974,
diseasome-diseases:3975,
diseasome-diseases:440,
diseasome-diseases:479,
diseasome-diseases:540,
diseasome-diseases:81,
diseasome-diseases:840,
diseasome-diseases:992
|
| dailymed-instance:precautio... |
The uterine relaxation obtained with Halothane, unless
carefully controlled, may fail to respond to ergot derivatives and
oxytocic posterior pituitary extract (oxytocin injection). Halothane increases cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Therefore,
in patients with markedly raised intracranial pressure, if Halothane
is indicated, administration should be preceded by measures ordinarily
used to reduce cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Ventilation should be
carefully assessed, and it may be necessary to assist or control ventilation
to insure adequate oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal. Epinephrine or levarterenol (norepinephrine) should be
employed cautiously, if at all, during Halothane anesthesia since
their simultaneous use may induce ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Nondepolarizing relaxants and ganglionic blocking agents
should be administered cautiously, since their actions are augmented
by Halothane. It has been reported that in genetically
susceptible individuals, the use of general anesthetics and the muscle
relaxant, succinylcholine, may trigger a syndrome known as malignant
hyperthermic crisis. Monitoring temperature during surgery will aid
in early recognition of this syndrome. Dantrolene sodium and supportive
measures are generally indicated in the management of malignant hyperthermia.
Consult literature references or the dantrolene prescribing information
for additional information about the management of malignant hyperthermic
crisis.
|
| dailymed-instance:genericMe... |
Halothane
|
| dailymed-instance:fullName |
Halothane (Inhalant)
|
| dailymed-instance:adverseRe... |
The following adverse reactions have been reported:
Hepatic necrosis, cardiac arrest, hypotension, respiratory arrest,
cardiac arrhythmias, hyperpyrexia, shivering, nausea and emesis.
|
| dailymed-instance:warning |
When previous exposure to Halothane was followed
by unexplained jaundice, consideration should be given to the use
of other agents. Halothane, USP should be used
in vaporizers that permit a reasonable approximation of output, and
preferably of the calibrated type. The vaporizer should be placed
out of circuit in closed circuit rebreathing systems; otherwise overdosage
is difficult to avoid. The patient should be closely observed for
signs of overdosage, i.e., depression of blood pressure, pulse rate
and ventilation, particularly during assisted or controlled ventilation.<br/>Usage in Pregnancy.: Safe use of Halothane has not been established with
respect to possible adverse effects upon fetal development. Therefore,
Halothane should not be used in women where pregnancy is possible
and particularly during early pregnancy, unless, in the judgment of
the physician, the potential benefits outweigh the unknown hazards
to the fetus.
|
| dailymed-instance:represent... | |
| dailymed-instance:routeOfAd... | |
| dailymed-instance:name |
Halothane
|