Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/2839
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| rdf:type | |
| rdfs:label |
Forteo (Injection, Solution)
|
| dailymed-instance:dosage |
FORTEO should be administered as a subcutaneous injection into the thigh or abdominal wall. The recommended dosage is 20 mcg once a day. FORTEO should be administered initially under circumstances in which the patient can sit or lie down if symptoms of orthostatic hypotension occur . FORTEO is a clear and colorless liquid. Do not use if solid particles appear or if the solution is cloudy or colored. The delivery device (pen) used to administer FORTEO should not be used past the stated expiration date. No data are available on the safety or efficacy of intravenous or intramuscular injection of FORTEO. The safety and efficacy of FORTEO have not been evaluated beyond 2 years of treatment. Consequently, use of the drug for more than 2 years is not recommended.<br/>INSTRUCTIONS FOR PEN USE: Patients and caregivers who administer FORTEO should receive appropriate training and instruction on the proper use of the FORTEO delivery device from a qualified health professional. It is important to read, understand, and follow the instructions in the FORTEO delivery device User Manual. Failure to do so may result in inaccurate dosing. Each FORTEO delivery device can be used for up to 28 days, including the first injection from the pen. After the 28���day use period, discard the FORTEO delivery device, even if it still contains some unused solution. Never share a FORTEO delivery device.<br/>STORAGE: The FORTEO delivery device should be stored under refrigeration at 2��to 8��C (36��to 46��F) at all times. Recap the pen when not in use to protect the cartridge from physical damage and light. During the use period, time out of the refrigerator should be minimized; the dose may be delivered immediately following removal from the refrigerator. Do not freeze. Do not use FORTEO if it has been frozen.
|
| dailymed-instance:descripti... |
FORTEO [teriparatide (rDNA origin) injection] contains recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1���34), [rhPTH(1���34)], which has an identical sequence to the 34 N���terminal amino acids (the biologically active region) of the 84���amino acid human parathyroid hormone. Teriparatide has a molecular weight of 4117.8 daltons and its amino acid sequence is shown below: Teriparatide (rDNA origin) is manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company using a strain of Escherichia coli modified by recombinant DNA technology. FORTEO is supplied as a sterile, colorless, clear, isotonic solution in a glass cartridge which is pre���assembled into a disposable pen device for subcutaneous injection. Each mL contains 250 mcg teriparatide (corrected for acetate, chloride, and water content), 0.41 mg glacial acetic acid, 0.1 mg sodium acetate (anhydrous), 45.4 mg mannitol, 3 mg Metacresol, and Water for Injection. In addition, hydrochloric acid solution 10% and/or sodium hydroxide solution 10% may have been added to adjust the product topH 4. Each cartridge pre���assembled into a pen device delivers 20 mcg of teriparatide per dose each day for up to 28 days. See accompanying User Manual: Instructions for Use.
|
| dailymed-instance:clinicalP... |
Mechanism of Action: Endogenous 84���amino���acid parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism in bone and kidney. Physiological actions of PTH include regulation of bone metabolism, renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate, and intestinal calcium absorption. The biological actions of PTH and teriparatide are mediated through binding to specific high-affinity cell���surface receptors. Teriparatide and the 34 N���terminal amino acids of PTH bind to these receptors with the same affinity and have the same physiological actions on bone and kidney. Teriparatide is not expected to accumulate in bone or other tissues. The skeletal effects of teriparatide depend upon the pattern of systemic exposure. Once���daily administration of teriparatide stimulates new bone formation on trabecular and cortical (periosteal and/or endosteal) bone surfaces by preferential stimulation of osteoblastic activity over osteoclastic activity. In monkey studies, teriparatide improved trabecular microarchitecture and increased bone mass and strength by stimulating new bone formation in both cancellous and cortical bone. In humans, the anabolic effects of teriparatide manifest as an increase in skeletal mass, an increase in markers of bone formation and resorption, and an increase in bone strength. By contrast, continuous excess of endogenous PTH, as occurs in hyperparathyroidism, may be detrimental to the skeleton because bone resorption may be stimulated more than bone formation.<br/>Human Pharmacokinetics: Teriparatide is extensively absorbed after subcutaneous injection; the absolute bioavailability is approximately 95% based on pooled data from 20-, 40-, and 80���mcg doses. The rates of absorption and elimination are rapid. The peptide reaches peak serum concentrations about 30 minutes after subcutaneous injection of a 20���mcg dose and declines to non���quantifiable concentrations within 3 hours. Systemic clearance of teriparatide (approximately 62 L/hr in women and 94 L/hr in men) exceeds the rate of normal liver plasma flow, consistent with both hepatic and extra���hepatic clearance. Volume of distribution, following intravenous injection, is approximately 0.12 L/kg. Intersubject variability in systemic clearance and volume of distribution is 25% to 50%. The half���life of teriparatide in serum is 5 minutes when administered by intravenous injection and approximately 1 hour when administered by subcutaneous injection. The longer half���life following subcutaneous administration reflects the time required for absorption from the injection site. No metabolism or excretion studies have been performed with teriparatide. However, the mechanisms of metabolism and elimination of PTH(1���34) and intact PTH have been extensively described in published literature. Peripheral metabolism of PTH is believed to occur by non���specific enzymatic mechanisms in the liver followed by excretion via the kidneys.<br/>Special Populations:<br/>Pediatric: Pharmacokinetic data in pediatric patients are not available .<br/>Geriatric: No age���related differences in teriparatide pharmacokinetics were detected (range 31 to 85 years).<br/>Gender: Although systemic exposure to teriparatide was approximately 20% to 30% lower in men than women, the recommended dose for both genders is 20 mcg/day.<br/>Race: The populations included in the pharmacokinetic analyses were 98.5% Caucasian. The influence of race has not been determined.<br/>Renal insufficiency: No pharmacokinetic differences were identified in 11 patients with mild or moderate renal insufficiency [creatinine clearance (CrCl) 30 to 72 mL/min] administered a single dose of teriparatide. In 5 patients with severe renal insufficiency (CrCl<30 mL/min), the AUC and Tof teriparatide were increased by 73% and 77%, respectively. Maximum serum concentration of teriparatide was not increased. No studies have been performed in patients undergoing dialysis for chronic renal failure .<br/>Heart failure: No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic, blood pressure, or pulse rate differences were identified in 13 patients with stable New York Heart Association Class I to III heart failure after the administration of two 20���mcg doses of teriparatide.<br/>Hepatic insufficiency: Non���specific proteolytic enzymes in the liver (possibly Kupffer cells) cleave PTH(1���34) and PTH(1���84) into fragments that are cleared from the circulation mainly by the kidney. No studies have been performed in patients with hepatic impairment.<br/>Drug Interactions: Hydrochlorothiazide���In a study of 20 healthy people, the coadministration of hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg with teriparatide did not affect the serum calcium response to teriparatide 40 mcg. The 24���hour urine excretion of calcium was reduced by a clinically unimportant amount (15%). The effect of coadministration of a higher dose of hydrochlorothiazide with teriparatide on serum calcium levels has not been studied. Furosemide���In a study of 9 healthy people and 17 patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal insufficiency (CrCl 13 to 72 mL/min), coadministration of intravenous furosemide (20 to 100 mg) with teriparatide 40 mcg resulted in small increases in the serum calcium (2%) and 24���hour urine calcium (37%) responses to teriparatide that did not appear to be clinically important.<br/>Human Pharmacodynamics:<br/>Effects on mineral metabolism: Teriparatide affects calcium and phosphorus metabolism in a pattern consistent with the known actions of endogenous PTH (eg, increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphorus).<br/>Effects on markers of bone turnover: Daily administration of FORTEO to men and postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in clinical studies stimulated bone formation, as shown by increases in the formation markers serum bone���specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) and procollagen I carboxy���terminal propeptide (PICP). Data on biochemical markers of bone turnover were available for the first 12 months of treatment. Peak concentrations of PICP at 1 month of treatment were approximately 41% above baseline, followed by a decline to near���baseline values by 12 months. BSAP concentrations increased by 1 month of treatment and continued to rise more slowly from 6 through 12 months. The maximum increases of BSAP were 45% above baseline in women and 23% in men. After discontinuation of therapy, BSAP concentrations returned toward baseline. The increases in formation markers were accompanied by secondary increases in the markers of bone resorption: urinary N-telopeptide (NTX) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), consistent with the physiological coupling of bone formation and resorption in skeletal remodeling. Changes in BSAP, NTX, and DPD were lower in men than in women, possibly because of lower systemic exposure to teriparatide in men.
|
| dailymed-instance:activeIng... | |
| dailymed-instance:contraind... |
FORTEO should not be given to patients with hypersensitivity to teriparatide or to any of its excipients.
|
| dailymed-instance:supply |
The FORTEO delivery device is available in the following:
|
| dailymed-instance:genericDr... | |
| dailymed-instance:boxedWarn... |
WARNING: In male and female rats, teriparatide caused an increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma (a malignant bone tumor) that was dependent on dose and treatment duration. The effect was observed at systemic exposures to teriparatide ranging from 3 to 60 times the exposure in humans given a 20���mcg dose. Because of the uncertain relevance of the rat osteosarcoma finding to humans, teriparatide should be prescribed only to patients for whom the potential benefits are considered to outweigh the potential risk. Teriparatide should not be prescribed for patients who are at increased baseline risk for osteosarcoma (including those with Paget's disease of bone or unexplained elevations of alkaline phosphatase, open epiphyses, or prior external beam or implant radiation therapy involving the skeleton) .
|
| dailymed-instance:activeMoi... | |
| dailymed-instance:inactiveI... | |
| dailymed-instance:possibleD... | |
| dailymed-instance:precautio... |
General: The safety and efficacy of FORTEO have not been evaluated beyond 2 years of treatment. Consequently, use of the drug for more than 2 years is not recommended. In clinical trials, the frequency of urolithiasis was similar in patients treated with FORTEO and placebo. However, FORTEO has not been studied in patients with active urolithiasis. If active urolithiasis or pre���existing hypercalciuria are suspected, measurement of urinary calcium excretion should be considered. FORTEO should be used with caution in patients with active or recent urolithiasis because of the potential to exacerbate this condition.<br/>Hypotension: In short���term clinical pharmacology studies with teriparatide, transient episodes of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension were observed infrequently. Typically, an event began within 4 hours of dosing and spontaneously resolved within a few minutes to a few hours. When transient orthostatic hypotension occurred, it happened within the first several doses, it was relieved by placing the person in a reclining position, and it did not preclude continued treatment.<br/>Concomitant treatment with digitalis: In a study of 15 healthy people administered digoxin daily to steady state, a single FORTEO dose did not alter the effect of digoxin on the systolic time interval (from electrocardiographic Q���wave onset to aortic valve closure, a measure of digoxin's calcium���mediated cardiac effect). However, sporadic case reports have suggested that hypercalcemia may predispose patients to digitalis toxicity. Because FORTEO transiently increases serum calcium, FORTEO should be used with caution in patients taking digitalis.<br/>Hepatic, renal, and cardiac: Limited information is available to evaluate safety in patients with hepatic, renal, and cardiac disease.<br/>Information for Patients: For safe and effective use of FORTEO, the physician should inform patients about the following:<br/>General: Patients should read the Medication Guide and User Manual provided with the delivery device (pen) before starting therapy with FORTEO and re���read them each time the prescription is renewed.<br/>Osteosarcomas in rats: Patients should be made aware that FORTEO caused osteosarcomas in rats and that the clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.<br/>Orthostatic hypotension: FORTEO should be administered initially under circumstances where the patient can immediately sit or lie down if symptoms occur. Patients should be instructed that if they feel lightheaded or have palpitations after the injection, they should sit or lie down until the symptoms resolve. If symptoms persist or worsen, patients should be instructed to consult a physician before continuing treatment .<br/>Hypercalcemia: Although symptomatic hypercalcemia was not observed in clinical trials, physicians should instruct patients to contact a health care provider if they develop persistent symptoms of hypercalcemia (ie, nausea, vomiting, constipation, lethargy, muscle weakness).<br/>Use of the the delivery device (pen): Patients should be instructed on how to properly use the delivery device (refer to User Manual), properly dispose of needles, and be advised not to share their pens with other patients.<br/>Other osteoporosis treatments: Patients should be informed regarding the roles of supplemental calcium and/or vitamin D, weight���bearing exercise, and modification of certain behavioral factors such as cigarette smoking and/or alcohol consumption.<br/>Laboratory Tests:<br/>Serum calcium: FORTEO transiently increases serum calcium, with the maximal effect observed at approximately 4 to 6 hours post���dose. By 16 hours post���dose, serum calcium generally has returned to or near baseline. These effects should be kept in mind because serum calcium concentrations observed within 16 hours after a dose may reflect the pharmacologic effect of teriparatide. Persistent hypercalcemia was not observed in clinical trials with FORTEO. If persistent hypercalcemia is detected, treatment with FORTEO should be discontinued pending further evaluation of the cause of hypercalcemia. Patients known to have an underlying hypercalcemic disorder, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, should not be treated with FORTEO .<br/>Urinary calcium: FORTEO increases urinary calcium excretion, but the frequency of hypercalciuria in clinical trials was similar for patients treated with FORTEO and placebo .<br/>Renal function: No clinically important adverse renal effects were observed in clinical studies. Assessments included creatinine clearance; measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and electrolytes in serum; urine specific gravity and pH; and examination of urine sediment. Long���term evaluation of patients with severe renal insufficiency, patients undergoing acute or chronic dialysis, or patients who have functioning renal transplants has not been performed.<br/>Serum uric acid: FORTEO increases serum uric acid concentrations. In clinical trials, 2.8% of FORTEO patients had serum uric acid concentrations above the upper limit of normal compared with 0.7% of placebo patients. However, the hyperuricemia did not result in an increase in gout, arthralgia, or urolithiasis.<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility:<br/>Carcinogenesis: Two carcinogenicity bioassays were conducted in Fischer 344 rats. In the first study, male and female rats were given daily subcutaneous teriparatide injections of 5, 30, or 75 mcg/kg/day for 24 months from 2 months of age. These doses resulted in systemic exposures that were, respectively, 3, 20, and 60 times higher than the systemic exposure observed in humans following a subcutaneous dose of 20 mcg (based on AUC comparison). Teriparatide treatment resulted in a marked dose���related increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma, a rare malignant bone tumor, in both male and female rats. Osteosarcomas were observed at all doses and the incidence reached 40% to 50% in the high���dose groups. Teriparatide also caused a dose���related increase in osteoblastoma and osteoma in both sexes. No osteosarcomas, osteoblastomas or osteomas were observed in untreated control rats. The bone tumors in rats occurred in association with a large increase in bone mass and focal osteoblast hyperplasia. The second 2���year study was carried out in order to determine the effect of treatment duration and animal age on the development of bone tumors. Female rats were treated for different periods between 2 and 26 months of age with subcutaneous doses of 5 and 30 mcg/kg (equivalent to 3 and 20 times the human exposure at the 20���mcg dose, based on AUC comparison). The study showed that the occurrence of osteosarcoma, osteoblastoma and osteoma was dependent upon dose and duration of exposure. Bone tumors were observed when immature 2���month old rats were treated with 30 mcg/kg/day for 24 months or with 5 or 30 mcg/kg/day for 6 months. Bone tumors were also observed when mature 6���month old rats were treated with 30 mcg/kg/day for 6 or 20 months. Tumors were not detected when mature 6���month old rats were treated with 5 mcg/kg/day for 6 or 20 months. The results did not demonstrate a difference in susceptibility to bone tumor formation, associated with teriparatide treatment, between mature and immature rats. The relevance of these rat findings to humans is uncertain.<br/>Mutagenesis: Teriparatide was not genotoxic in any of the following test systems: the Ames test for bacterial mutagenesis; the mouse lymphoma assay for mammalian cell mutation; the chromosomal aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells, with and without metabolic activation; and the in vivo micronucleus test in mice.<br/>Impairment of fertility: No effects on fertility were observed in male and female rats given subcutaneous teriparatide doses of 30, 100, or 300 mcg/kg/day prior to mating and in females continuing through gestation Day 6 (16 to 160 times the human dose of 20 mcg based on surface area, mcg/m).<br/>Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category C���In pregnant rats given subcutaneous teriparatide doses up to 1000 mcg/kg/day, there were no findings. In pregnant mice given subcutaneous doses of 225 or 1000 mcg/kg/day (���60 times the human dose based on surface area, mcg/m) from gestation Day 6 through 15, the fetuses showed an increased incidence of skeletal deviations or variations (interrupted rib, extra vertebra or rib). Developmental effects in a perinatal/postnatal study in pregnant rats given subcutaneous doses of teriparatide from gestation Day 6 through postpartum Day 20 included mild growth retardation in female offspring at doses���225 mcg/kg/day (���120 times the human dose based on surface area, mcg/m), and in male offspring at 1000 mcg/kg/day (540 times the human dose based on surface area, mcg/m). There was also reduced motor activity in both male and female offspring at 1000 mcg/kg/day. There were no developmental or reproductive effects in mice or rats at a dose of 30 mcg/kg (8 or 16 times the human dose based on surface area, mcg/m). The effect of teriparatide treatment on human fetal development has not been studied. FORTEO is not indicated for use in pregnancy.<br/>Nursing Mothers: Because FORTEO is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, it should not be administered to women who are nursing their children. There have been no clinical studies to determine if teriparatide is secreted into breast milk.<br/>Pediatric Use: The safety and efficacy of FORTEO have not been established in pediatric populations. FORTEO is not indicated for use in pediatric patients .<br/>Geriatric Use: Of the patients receiving FORTEO in the osteoporosis trial of 1637 postmenopausal women, 75% were 65 years of age and over and 23% were 75 years of age and over. Of the patients receiving FORTEO in the osteoporosis trial of 437 men, 39% were 65 years of age and over and 13% were 75 years of age and over. No significant differences in bone response or adverse reactions were seen in geriatric patients receiving FORTEO as compared with younger patients. Nonetheless, as with many medications, elderly patients may have greater sensitivity to the adverse effects of FORTEO.
|
| dailymed-instance:overdosag... |
Incidents of overdose in humans have not been reported in clinical trials. Teriparatide has been administered in single doses of up to 100 mcg and in repeated doses of up to 60 mcg/day for 6 weeks. The effects of overdose that might be expected include a delayed hypercalcemic effect and risk of orthostatic hypotension. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache might also occur. In postmarketing spontaneous reports, there have been cases of medication error in which the entire contents (up to 800 mcg) of the FORTEO delivery device have been administered as a single dose. Transient events reported have included nausea, weakness/lethargy and hypotension. In some cases, no adverse events occurred as a result of the overdose. No fatalities associated with overdose have been reported. In single���dose rodent studies using subcutaneous injection of teriparatide, no mortality was seen in rats given doses of 1000 mcg/kg (540 times the human dose based on surface area, mcg/m) or in mice given 10,000 mcg/kg (2700 times the human dose based on surface area, mcg/m). Overdose management���There is no specific antidote for teriparatide. Treatment of suspected overdose should include discontinuation of FORTEO, monitoring of serum calcium and phosphorus, and implementation of appropriate supportive measures, such as hydration.
|
| dailymed-instance:genericMe... |
Teriparatide
|
| dailymed-instance:fullName |
Forteo (Injection, Solution)
|
| dailymed-instance:warning |
In male and female rats, teriparatide caused an increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma (a malignant bone tumor) that was dependent on dose and treatment duration . The following categories of patients have increased baseline risk of osteosarcoma and therefore should not be treated with FORTEO: Patients with bone metastases or a history of skeletal malignancies should be excluded from treatment with FORTEO. Patients with metabolic bone diseases other than osteoporosis should be excluded from treatment with FORTEO. FORTEO has not been studied in patients with pre���existing hypercalcemia. These patients should be excluded from treatment with FORTEO because of the possibility of exacerbating hypercalcemia.
|
| dailymed-instance:indicatio... |
FORTEO is indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture. These include women with a history of osteoporotic fracture, or who have multiple risk factors for fracture, or who have failed or are intolerant of previous osteoporosis therapy, based upon physician assessment . In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, FORTEO increases BMD and reduces the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. FORTEO is indicated to increase bone mass in men with primary or hypogonadal osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture. These include men with a history of osteoporotic fracture, or who have multiple risk factors for fracture, or who have failed or are intolerant to previous osteoporosis therapy, based upon physician assessment . In men with primary or hypogonadal osteoporosis, FORTEO increases BMD. The effects ofFORTEO on risk for fracture in men have not been studied.
|
| dailymed-instance:represent... | |
| dailymed-instance:routeOfAd... | |
| dailymed-instance:name |
Forteo
|