Linked Life Data

Acyclovir (Capsule)

Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/265

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Acyclovir (Capsule)
dailymed-instance:dosage
Acute Treatment of Herpes Zoster 800 mg every 4 hours orally, five times daily for 7 to 10 days. Genital Herpes TREATMENT OF INITIAL GENITAL HERPES 200 mg every 4 hours, five times daily for 10 days. CHRONIC SUPPRESSIVE THERAPY FOR RECURRENT DISEASE 400 mg two times daily for up to 12 months, followed by re-evaluation. Alternative regimens have included doses ranging from 200 mg three times daily to 200 mg five times daily. The frequency and severity of episodes of untreated genital herpes may change over time. After 1 year of therapy, the frequency and severity of the patient's genital herpes infection should be re-evaluated to assess the need for continuation of therapy with acyclovir. INTERMITTENT THERAPY 200 mg every 4 hours, five times daily for 5 days. Therapy should be initiated at the earliest sign or symptom prodrome) of recurrence. Treatment of Chickenpox CHILDREN (2 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER) 20 mg/kg per dose orally four times daily (80 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Children over 40 kg should receive the adult dose for chickenpox. ADULTS AND CHILDREN OVER 40 KG 800 mg four times daily for 5 days. Intravenous acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of varicella-zoster infections in immunocompromised patients. When therapy is indicated, it should be initiated at the earliest sign or symptom of chickenpox. There is no information about the efficacy of therapy initiated more than 24 hours after onset of signs and symptoms. Patients With Acute or Chronic Renal Impairment In patients with renal impairment, the dose of Acyclovir Capsules or Tablets should be modified as shown in Table 3. Hemodialysis For patients who require hemodialysis, the mean plasma half-life of acyclovir during hemodialysis is approximately 5 hours. This results in a 60% decrease in plasma concentrations following a 6-hour dialysis period. Therefore, the patient's dosing schedule should be adjusted so that an additional dose is administered after each dialysis. Peritoneal Dialysis No supplemental dose appears to be necessary after adjustment of the dosing interval. Bioequivalence of Dosage Forms Acyclovir suspension was shown to be bioequivalent to acyclovir capsules (n=20) and one acyclovir 800 mg tablet was shown to be bioequivalent to four acyclovir 200 mg capsules (n=24).
dailymed-instance:descripti...
Acyclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analogue active against herpes viruses. Acyclovir Capsules and Tablets are formulations for oral administration. Each capsule of acyclovir contains 200 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients pregelatinized starch, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, FD&C Blue No. 1, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide and sodium lauryl sulphate. Printed with edible black ink. The contents of the edible black ink are synthetic black iron oxide, FD&C Blue No. 2 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Red No. 40 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Blue No. 1 Aluminum Lake, and D&C Yellow No. 10 Aluminum Lake. Each 800 mg tablet of acyclovir contains 800 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients FD&C Blue No.2 Aluminum Lake, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and sodium starch glycolate. Each 400 mg tablet of acyclovir contains 400 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and sodium starch glycolate. Acyclovir is a white crystalline powder with the molecular formula C8H11N5O3 and a molecular weight of 225. The maximum solubility in water at 37��C is 2.5 mg/mL. The pka's of acyclovir are 2.27 and 9.25. The chemical name of acyclovir is 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]6-H-purin-6-one; it has the following structural formula: Chemical formula: CHNO
dailymed-instance:clinicalP...
Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after oral administration have been evaluated in healthy volunteers and in immunocompromised patients with herpes simplex or varicella-zoster virus infection. Acyclovir pharmacokinetic parameters are summarised in Table 1. *Bioavailability decreases with increasing dose. In one multiple-dose, cross-over study in healthy subjects (n=23), it was shown that increases in plasma acyclovir concentrations were less than dose proportional with increasing dose, as shown in Table 2. The decrease in bioavailability is a function of the dose and not the dosage form. There was no effect of food on the absorption of acyclovir (n=6); therefore, Acyclovir Capsules and Tablets may be administered with or without food. The only known urinary metabolite is 9-[(carboxymethoxy)methyl]guanine.
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Acyclovir is contraindicated for patients who develop hypersensitivity or intolerance to acyclovir or valacyclovir.
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Acyclovir Capsules (blue, opaque cap and body) containing 200 mg of acyclovir and printed with���G���on the cap and���0034���on the body. - bottle of 100 (NDC 55567-034-18) - bottle of 500 (NDC 55567-034-25) - unit dose pack of 100 (NDC 55567-034-06). Store at 15��to 25��C (59��to 77��F). Protect from light and moisture. Acyclovir Tablets (blue, oval, unscored tablet) containing 800 mg acyclovir and engraved with���G���on one side and���0037���on the other. - bottle of 100 (NDC 55567-037-18) - bottle of 500 (NDC 55567-037-25) - unit dose pack of 100 (NDC 55567-037-06). Store at 15��to 25��C (59��to 77��F). Protect from light and moisture. Acyclovir Tablets (white, 5 sided, unscored tablet) containing 400 mg acyclovir and engraved with���G���over���0036���on one side. - bottle of 100 (NDC 55567-036-18) - bottle of 500 (NDC 55567-036-25) Store at 15��to 25��C (59��to 77��F). Protect from light and moisture. Printed in Canada. 003-786 REV.#10 (P2) March 2006 Manufactured by: Genpharm Inc. Toronto, Ontario Canada M8Z 2S6 1-800-661-7134
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Dosage adjustment is recommended when administering acyclovir to patients with renal impairment (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Caution should also be exercised when administering acyclovir to patients receiving potentially nephrotoxic agents since this may increase the risk of renal dysfunction and/or the risk of reversible central nervous system symptoms such as those that have been reported in patients treated with intravenous acyclovir. Adequate hydration should be maintained.<br/>Information for patients: Patients are instructed to consult with their physician if they experience severe or troublesome adverse reactions, they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant, they intend to breastfeed while taking orally administered acyclovir, or they have any other questions. Patients should be advised to maintain adequate hydration. HERPES ZOSTER There are no data on treatment initiated more than 72 hours after onset of the zoster rash. Patients should be advised to initiate treatment as soon as possible after a diagnosis of herpes zoster. GENITAL HERPES INFECTIONS Patients should be informed that acyclovir is not a cure for genital herpes. There are no data evaluating whether acyclovir will prevent transmission of infection to others. Because genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease, patients should avoid contact with lesions or intercourse when lesions and/or symptoms are present to avoid infecting partners. Genital herpes can also be transmitted in the absence of symptoms through asymptomatic viral shedding. If medical management of a genital herpes recurrence is indicated, patients should be advised to initiate therapy at the first sign or symptom of an episode. CHICKENPOX Chickenpox in otherwise healthy children is usually a self-limited disease of mild to moderate severity. Adolescents and adults tend to have more severe disease. Treatment was initiated within 24 hours of the typical chickenpox rash in the controlled studies, and there is no information regarding the effects of treatment begun later in the disease course.<br/>Drug Interactions: See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics.<br/>Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility: The data presented below include references to peak steady-state plasma acyclovir concentrations observed in humans treated with 800 mg given orally five times a day (dosing appropriate for treatment of herpes zoster) or 200 mg given orally five times a day (dosing appropriate for treatment of genital herpes). Plasma drug concentrations in animal studies are expressed as multiples of human exposure to acyclovir at the higher and lower dosing schedules (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics). Acyclovir was tested in lifetime bioassays in rats and mice at single daily doses of up to 450 mg/kg administered by gavage. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of tumors between treated and control animals, nor did acyclovir shorten the latency of tumors. Maximum plasma concentrations were three to six times human levels in the mouse bioassay and one to two times human levels in the rat bioassay. Acyclovir was tested in 16 in vivo and in vitro genetic toxicity assays. Acyclovir was positive in 5 of the assays. Acyclovir did not impair fertility or reproduction in mice (450 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or in rats (25 mg/kg/day, s.c.). In the mouse study, plasma levels were 9 to 18 times human levels, while in the rat study, they were 8 to 15 times human levels. At higher doses (50 mg/kg/day, s.c.) in rats and rabbits (11 to 22 and 16 to 31 times human levels, respectively) implantationefficacy, but not litter size, was decreased. In a rat peri- and postnatal study at 50 mg/kg/day, s.c., there was a statistically significant decrease in group mean numbers of corpora lutea, total implantation sites, and live fetuses. No testicular abnormalities were seen in dogs given 50 mg/kg/day, i.v. for 1 month (21 to 41 times human levels) or in dogs given 60 mg/kg/day orally for 1 year (six to 12 times human levels). Testicular atrophy and aspermatogenesis were observed in rats and dogs at higher dose levels.<br/>Pregnancy:<br/>Teratogenic effects: PREGNANCY CATEGORY B Acyclovir administered during organogenesis was not teratogenic in the mouse (450 mg/kg/day, p.o.), rabbit (50 mg/kg/day, s.c. and i.v.), or rat (50 mg/kg/day, s.c.). These exposures resulted in plasma levels 9 and 18 , 16 and 106, and 11 and 22 times, respectively, human levels. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. A prospective, epidemiological registry of acyclovir use during pregnancy was established in 1984 and completed in April 1999. There were 749 pregnancies followed in women exposed to systemic acyclovir during the first trimester of pregnancy resulting in 756 outcomes. The occurrence rate of birth defects approximates that found in the general population. However, the small size of the registry is insufficient to evaluate the risk for less common defects or to permit reliable or definitive conclusions regarding the safety of acyclovir in pregnant women and their developing fetuses. Acyclovir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.<br/>Nursing mothers: Acyclovir concentrations have been documented in breast milk in two women following oral administration of acyclovir and ranged from 0.6 to 4.1 times corresponding plasma levels. These concentrations would potentially expose the nursing infant to a dose of acyclovir up to 0.3 mg/kg/day. Acyclovir should be administered to a nursing mother with caution and only when indicated.<br/>Pediatric use: Safety and effectiveness of oral formulations of acyclovir in pediatric patients younger than 2 years of age have not been established.<br/>Geriatric use: Of 376 subjects who received acyclovir in a clinical study of herpes zoster treatment in immunocompetent subjects greater than or equal to 50 years of age, 244 were 65 and over while 111 were 75 and over. No overall differences in effectiveness for time to cessation of new lesion formation or time to healing were reported between geriatric subjects and younger adults subjects. The duration of painafter healing was longer in patients 65 and over. Nausea, vomiting, and dizziness were reported more frequently in elderly ubjects. Elderly patients are more likely to have reduced renal function and require dose reduction. Elderly patients are also more likely to have renal or CNS adverse events. With respect to CNS adverse events observed during clinical practice, somnolence, hallucinations, confusion, and coma were reported more frequently in elderly patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, ADVERSE REACTIONS,Observed During Clinical Practice, and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
dailymed-instance:overdosag...
Overdoses involving ingestion of up to 100 capsules (20 g) have been reported. Adverse events that have been reported only in association with overdosage include agitation, coma, seizures, and lethargy. Precipitation of acyclovir in renal tubules may occur when the solubility (2.5 mg/mL) is exceeded in the intratubular fluid. Overdosage has been reported following bolus injections or inappropriately high doses and in patients whose fluid and electrolyte balance were not properly monitored. This has resulted in elevated BUN and serum creatinine and subsequent renal failure. In the event of acute renal failure and anuria, the patient may benefit from hemodialysis until renal function is restored (see DOSAGE ANDADMINISTRATION).
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Acyclovir
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Acyclovir (Capsule)
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Herpes Simplex SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION The most frequent adverse events reported during clinical trials of treatment of genital herpes with acyclovir 200 mg administered orally five times daily every 4 hours for 10 days were nausea and/or vomiting in 8 of 298 patient treatments (2.7%). Nausea and/or vomiting occurred in 2 of 287 (0.7%) patients who received placebo. LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION The most frequent adverse events reported in a clinical trial for the prevention of recurrences with continuous administration of 400 mg (two 200 mg capsules) two times daily for 1 year in 586 patients treated with acyclovir were nausea (4.8%) and diarrhea (2.4%). The 589 control patients receiving intermittent treatment of recurrences with acyclovir for 1 year reported diarrhea (2.7%), nausea (2.4%), and headache (2.2%). Herpes Zoster The most frequent adverse event reported during three clinical trials of treatment of herpes zoster (shingles) with 800 mg of oral acyclovir five times daily for 7 to 10 days in 323 patients was malaise (11.5%). The 323 placebo recipients reported malaise (11.1%). Chickenpox The most frequent adverse event reported during three clinical trials of treatment of chickenpox with oral acyclovir at doses of 10 to 20 mg/kg four times daily for 5 to 7 days or 800 mg four times daily for 5 days in 495 patients was diarrhea (3.2%). The 498 patients receiving placebo reported diarrhea (2.2%). Observed During Clinical Practice In addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials, the following events have been identified during post-approval use of acyclovir. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, potential causal connection to acyclovir, or a combination of these factors: ���General: anaphylaxis, angioedema, fever, headache, pain, peripheral edema. ���Nervous: aggressive behavior, agitation, ataxia, coma, confusion, decreased consciousness, delirium, dizziness, dysarthria, encephalopathy, hallucinations, paresthesia, psychosis, seizure, somnolence, tremors. These symptoms may be marked, particularly in older adults or in patients with renal impairment (see PRECAUTIONS). ���Digestive: diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, nausea. ���Hematologic and Lymphatic: anemia, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia. ���Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas: elevated liver function tests, hepatitis, hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice. ���Musculoskeletal: myalgia. ���Skin: alopecia, erythema multiforme, photosensitive rash, pruritus, rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, urticaria. ���Special Senses: visual abnormalities. ���Urogenital: renal failure, elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated creatinine, hematuria (see WARNINGS).
dailymed-instance:warning
Acyclovir Capsules and Tablets are intended for oral ingestion only. Renal failure, in some cases resulting in death, has been observed with acyclovir therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Observed DuringClinical Practice and OVERDOSAGE). Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS), which has resulted in death, has occurred in immunocompromised patients receiving acyclovir therapy.
dailymed-instance:indicatio...
Herpes Zoster Infections Acyclovir is indicated for the acute treatment of herpes zoster (shingles). Genital Herpes Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of initial episodes and the management of recurrent episodes of genital herpes. Chickenpox Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of chickenpox (varicella).
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Acyclovir