Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/2227
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DuoNeb (Solution)
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The recommended dose of DuoNeb is one 3 mL vial administered 4 times per day via nebulization with up to 2 additional 3 mL doses allowed per day, if needed. Safety and efficacy of additional doses or increased frequency of administration of DuoNeb beyond these guidelines has not been studied and the safety and efficacy of extra doses of albuterol sulfate or ipratropium bromide in addition to the recommended doses of DuoNeb have not been studied. The use of DuoNeb can be continued as medically indicated to control recurring bouts of bronchospasm. If a previously effective regimen fails to provide the usual relief, medical advice should be sought immediately, as this is often a sign of worsening COPD, which would require reassessment of therapy. A Pari-LC-Plus���nebulizer (with face mask or mouthpiece) connected to a PRONEB���compressor was used to deliver DuoNeb to each patient in one U.S. clinical study. The safety and efficacy of DuoNeb delivered by other nebulizers and compressors have not been established. DuoNeb should be administered via jet nebulizer connected to an air compressor with an adequate air flow, equipped with a mouthpiece or suitable face mask.
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The active components in DuoNeb Inhalation Solution are albuterol sulfate and ipratropium bromide. Albuterol sulfate, is a salt of racemic albuterol and a relatively selective��-adrenergic bronchodilator chemically described as��-[(tert-butylamino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-��,��'-diol sulfate (2:1) (salt). It has a molecular weight of 576.7 and the empirical formula is (CHNO)���HSO. It is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. The World Health Organization recommended name for albuterol base is salbutamol. Figure 3.1-1.Chemical structure of albuterol sulfate. Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic bronchodilator chemically described as 8-azoniabicyclo [3.2.1]-octane, 3-(3-hydroxy-1-oxo-2-phenylpropoxy)-8methyl-8-(1-methylethyl)-, bromide, monohydrate (endo, syn)-, (��)-; a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound, chemically related to atropine. It has a molecular weight of 430.4 and the empirical formula is CHBrNO���HO. It is a white crystalline substance, freely soluble in water and lower alcohols, and insoluble in lipophilic solvents such as ether, chloroform, and fluorocarbons. Figure 3.1-2. Chemical structure of ipratropium bromide. Each 3 mL vial of DuoNeb contains 3.0 mg (0.1%) of albuterol sulfate (equivalent to 2.5 mg (0.083%) of albuterol base) and 0.5 mg (0.017%) of ipratropium bromide in an isotonic, sterile, aqueous solution containing sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid to adjust to pH 4, and edetate disodium, USP (a chelating agent). DuoNeb is a clear, colorless solution. It does not require dilution prior to administration by nebulization. For DuoNeb Inhalation Solution, like all other nebulized treatments, the amount delivered to the lungs will depend on patient factors, the jet nebulizer utilized, and compressor performance. Using the Pari-LC-Plus���nebulizer (with face mask or mouthpiece) connected to a PRONEB���compressor system, under in vitro conditions, the mean delivered dose from the mouth piece (% nominal dose) was approximately 46% of albuterol and 42% of ipratropium bromide at a mean flow rate of 3.6 L/min. The mean nebulization time was 15 minutes or less. DuoNeb should be administered from jet nebulizers at adequate flow rates, via face masks or mouthpieces .
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DuoNeb Inhalation Solution is a combination of the��-adrenergic bronchodilator, albuterol sulfate, and the anticholinergic bronchodilator, ipratropium bromide.<br/>Albuterol sulfate:<br/>Mechanism of Action: The prime action of��-adrenergic drugs is to stimulate adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cAMP thus formed mediates the cellular responses. In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that albuterol has a preferential effect on��-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. While it is recognized that��-adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, recent data indicated that 10% to 50% of the��-receptors in the human heart may be��-receptors. The precise function of these receptors, however, is not yet established. Albuterol has been shown in most controlled clinical trials to have more effect on the respiratory tract, in the form of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, than isoproterenol at comparable doses while producing fewer cardiovascular effects. Controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other��-adrenergic agonist drugs, can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients.<br/>Pharmacokinetics: Albuterol sulfate is longer acting than isoproterenol in most patients by any route of administration, because it is not a substrate for the cellular uptake processes for catecholamine nor for the metabolism of catechol-O-methyl transferase. Instead the drug is conjugatively metabolized to albuterol 4'-O-sulfate.<br/>Animal Pharmacology/Toxicology: Intravenous studies in rats with albuterol sulfate have demonstrated that albuterol crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches brain concentrations amounting to approximately 5% of plasma concentrations. In structures outside of the blood-brain barrier (pineal and pituitary glands), albuterol concentrations were found to be 100 times those found in whole brain. Studies in laboratory animals (minipigs, rodents, and dogs) have demonstrated the occurrence of cardiac arrythmias and sudden death (with histological evidence of myocardial necrosis) when beta-agonists and methyl-xanthines are administered concurrently. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.<br/>Ipratropium bromide:<br/>Mechanism of Action: Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agent, which blocks the muscarinic receptors of acetylcholine, and, based on animal studies, appears to inhibit vagally mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released from the vagus nerve. Anticholinergics prevent the increases in intracellular concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), resulting from the interaction of acetylcholine with the muscarinic receptors of bronchial smooth muscle.<br/>Pharmacokinetics: The bronchodilation following inhalation of ipratropium is primarily a local, site-specific effect, not a systemic one. Much of an inhaled dose is swallowed as shown by fecal excretion studies. Following nebulization of a 1-mg dose to healthy volunteers, a mean of 4% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Ipratropium bromide is minimally (0% to 9% in vitro) bound to plasma albumin and��-acid glycoproteins. It is partially metabolized to inactive ester hydrolysis products. Following intravenous administration, approximately one-half is excreted unchanged in the urine. The half-life of elimination is about 1.6 hours after intravenous administration. Ipratropium bromide that reaches the systemic circulation is reportedly removed by the kidneys rapidly at a rate that exceeds the glomerular filtration rate. The pharmacokinetics of DuoNeb Inhalation Solution or ipratropium bromide have not been studied in the elderly and in patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency .<br/>Animal Pharmacology/Toxicology: Autoradiographic studies in rats have shown that ipratropium does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier.<br/>DuoNeb:<br/>Mechanism of Action: DuoNeb is expected to maximize the response to treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by reducing bronchospasm through two distinctly different mechanisms: sympathomimetic (albuterol sulfate) and anticholinergic/parasympatholytic (ipratropium bromide). Simultaneous administration of both an anticholinergic and a��-sympathomimetic is designed to produce greater bronchodilation effects than when either drug is utilized alone at its recommended dosage.<br/>Animal Pharmacology/Toxicology: In 30-day studies in Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs, subcutaneous doses of up to 205.5 mcg/kg of ipratropium administered with up to 1000 mcg/kg albuterol in rats and 3.16 mcg/kg ipratropium and 15 mcg/kg albuterol in dogs (less than the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for adults on a mg/mbasis) did not cause death or potentiation of the cardiotoxicity induced by albuterol administered alone.<br/>Pharmacokinetics: In a double blind, double period, crossover study, 15 male and female subjects were administered single doses of DuoNeb or albuterol sulfate inhalation solution at two times the recommended single doses as two inhalations separated by 15 minutes. The total nebulized dose of albuterol sulfate from both treatments was 6.0 mg and the total dose of ipratropium bromide from DuoNeb was 1.0 mg. Peak albuterol plasma concentrations occurred at 0.8 hours after dosing for both treatments. The mean peak albuterol concentration following administration of albuterol sulfate alone was 4.86 (��2.65) mg/mL and it was 4.65 (��2.92) mg/mL for DuoNeb. Mean AUC values for the two treatments were 26.6 (��15.2) ng���hr/mL (albuterol sulfate alone) versus 24.2 (��14.5) ng���hr/mL (DuoNeb). The mean tvalues were 7.2 (��1.3) hours (albuterol sulfate alone) and 6.7 (��1.7) hours (DuoNeb). A mean of 8.4 (��8.9)% of the albuterol dose was excreted unchanged in urine following administration of two vials of DuoNeb which is similar to 8.8 (��7.3)% that was obtained from albuterol sulfate inhalation solution. There were no statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of albuterol between the two treatments. For ipratropium, a mean of 3.9 (��5.1)% of the ipratropium bromide dose was excreted unchanged in urine following two vials of DuoNeb Inhalation Solution, which is comparable with previously reported data.<br/>Clinical Trials: In a 12 week, randomized, double-blind, positive-control, crossover study of albuterol sulfate, ipratropium bromide, and DuoNeb, 863 COPD patients were evaluated for bronchodilator efficacy comparing DuoNeb with albuterol sulfate and ipratropium bromide alone. DuoNeb demonstrated significantly better changes in FEV, as measured from baseline to peak response, when compared with either albuterol sulfate or ipratropium bromide. DuoNeb was also shown to have the rapid onset associated with albuterol sulfate, with a mean time to peak FEVof 1.5 hours, and the extended duration associated with ipratropium bromide with a duration of 15% response in FEVof 4.3 hours. Figure 3.1-3. Mean Change in FEV���Measured on Day 14 This study demonstrated that each component of DuoNeb contributed to the improvement in pulmonary function, especially during the first 4 to 5 hours after dosing, and that DuoNeb was significantly more effective than albuterol sulfate or ipratropium bromide alone.
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DuoNeb is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any of its components, or to atropine and its derivatives.
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DuoNeb is supplied as a 3-mL sterile solution for nebulization in sterile low-density polyethylene unit-dose vials. Store in pouch until time of use. Supplied in cartons as listed below. NDC 49502-672-30 30 vials per carton/5 vials per foil pouchNDC 49502-672-60 60 vials per carton/5 vials per foil pouchNDC 49502-672-31 30 vials per carton/1 vial per foil pouch Store between 2��C and 30��C (36��F and 86��F). Protect from light.
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The effects of overdosage with DuoNeb are expected to be related primarily to albuterol sulfate, since ipratropium bromide is not well-absorbed systemically after oral or aerosol administration. The expected symptoms with overdosage are those of excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and/or occurrence or exaggeration of symptoms such as seizures, angina, hypertension or hypotension, tachycardia with rates up to 200 beats per minute, arrhythmia, nervousness, headache, tremor, dry mouth, palpitation, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, malaise, insomnia, and exaggeration of pharmacological effects listed in ADVERSE REACTIONS. Hypokalemia may also occur. As with all sympathomimetic aerosol medications, cardiac arrest and even death may be associated with abuse of DuoNeb. Treatment consists of discontinuation of DuoNeb together with appropriate symptomatic therapy. The judicious use of a cardioselective beta-receptor blocker may be considered, bearing in mind that such medication can produce bronchospasm. There is insufficient evidence to determine if dialysis is beneficial for overdosage of DuoNeb. The oral median lethal dose of albuterol sulfate in mice is greater than 2000 mg/kg (approximately 540 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose of DuoNeb on a mg/mbasis). The subcutaneous median lethal dose of albuterol sulfate in mature rats and small young rats is approximately 450 and 2000 mg/kg respectively (approximately 240 and 1100 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose of DuoNeb on a mg/mbasis, respectively). The inhalation median lethal dose has not been determined in animals. The oral median lethal dose of ipratropium bromide in mice, rats and dogs is greater than 1000 mg/kg, approximately 1700 mg/kg and approximately 400 mg/kg, respectively (approximately 1400, 4600, and 3600 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose in adults on a mg/mbasis, respectively).
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Ipratropium Bromide and Albuterol Sulfate
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DuoNeb (Solution)
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Adverse reaction information concerning DuoNeb was derived from the 12-week controlled clinical trial. Additional adverse reactions reported in more than 1% of patients treated with DuoNeb included constipation and voice alterations. In the clinical trial, there was a 0.3% incidence of possible allergic-type reactions, including skin rash, pruritus, and urticaria. Additional information derived from the published literature on the use of albuterol sulfate and ipratropium bromide singly or in combination includes precipitation or worsening of narrow-angle glaucoma, acute eye pain, blurred vision, paradoxical bronchospasm, wheezing, exacerbation of COPD symptoms, drowsiness, aching, flushing, upper respiratory tract infection, palpitations, taste perversion, elevated heart rate, sinusitis, back pain and sore throat.
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Paradoxical Bronchospasm: In the clinical study of DuoNeb, paradoxical bronchospasm was not observed. However, paradoxical bronchospasm has been observed with both inhaled ipratropium bromide and albuterol products and can be life-threatening. If this occurs, DuoNeb should be discontinued immediately and alternative therapy instituted.<br/>Do Not Exceed Recommended Dose: Fatalities have been reported in association with excessive use of inhaled products containing sympathomimetic amines and with the home use of nebulizers.<br/>Cardiovascular Effect: DuoNeb, like other beta adrenergic agonists, can produce a clinically significant cardiovascular effect in some patients as measured by pulse rate, blood pressure, and/or symptoms. Although such effects are uncommon for DuoNeb at recommended doses, if they occur, the drug may need to be discontinued. In addition, beta agonists have been reported to produce ECG changes, such as flattening of the T-wave, prolongation of the QTc interval, and ST segment depression. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Therefore, DuoNeb, like other sympathomimetic amines, should be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular disorders, especially coronary insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension.<br/>Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to albuterol and/or ipratropium bromide may occur after the administration of DuoNeb as demonstrated by rare cases of urticaria, angioedema, rash, pruritus, oropharyngeal edema, bronchospasm, and anaphylaxis.
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DuoNeb is indicated for the treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD in patients requiring more than one bronchodilator.
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DuoNeb
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