Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/2205
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Hexalen (Capsule)
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HEXALEN capsules is administered orally. Doses are calculated on the basis of body surface area. HEXALEN capsules may be administered either for 14 or 21 consecutive days in a 28 day cycle at a dose of 260 mg/m/day. The total daily dose should be given as 4 divided oral doses after meals and at bedtime. There is no pharmacokinetic information supporting this dosing regimen and the effect of food on HEXALEN capsules bioavailability or pharmacokinetics has not been evaluated. HEXALEN capsules should be temporarily discontinued (for 14 days or longer) and subsequently restarted at 200 mg/m/day for any of the following situations: If neurologic symptoms fail to stabilize on the reduced dose schedule, HEXALEN capsules should be discontinued indefinitely. Procedures for proper handling and disposal of anticancer drugs should be considered. Several guidelines on this subject have been published (2-9). There is no general agreement that all of the procedures recommended in the guidelines are necessary or appropriate.
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| dailymed-instance:descripti... |
HEXALEN (altretamine) capsules, is a synthetic cytotoxic antineoplastic s-triazine derivative. HEXALEN capsules contain 50 mg of altretamine for oral administration. Inert ingredients include lactose, anhydrous and calcium stearate. Altretamine, known chemically as N,N,N',N',N���,N���-hexamethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, has the following structural formula: Its empirical formula is C9H18N6 with a molecular weight of 210.28. Altretamine is a white crystalline powder, melting at 172����1��C. Altretamine is practically insoluble in water but is increasingly soluble at pH 3 and below.
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The precise mechanism by which HEXALEN capsules exerts its cytotoxic effect is unknown, although a number of theoretical possibilities have been studied. Structurally, HEXALEN capsules resembles the alkylating agent triethylenemelamine, yet in vitro tests for alkylating activity of HEXALEN capsules and its metabolites have been negative. HEXALEN capsules has been demonstrated to be efficacious for certain ovarian tumors resistant to classical alkylating agents. Metabolism of altretamine is a requirement for cytotoxicity. Synthetic monohydroxymethylmelamines, and products of altretamine metabolism, in vitro and in vivo, can form covalent adducts with tissue macromolecules including DNA, but the relevance of these reactions to antitumor activityis unknown. HEXALEN capsules is well-absorbed following oral administration in humans, but undergoes rapid and extensive demethylation in the liver, producing variation in altretamine plasma levels. The principal metabolites are pentamethylmelamine and tetramethylmelamine. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in a limited number of patients and should be considered preliminary. After oral administration of HEXALEN capsules to 11 patients with advanced ovarian cancer in doses of 120-300 mg/m, peak plasma levels (as measured by gas-chromatographic assay) were reached between 0.5 and 3 hours, varying from 0.2 to 20.8 mg/l. Half-life of the��-phase of elimination ranged from 4.7 to 10.2 hours. Altretamine and metabolites show binding to plasma proteins. The free fractions of altretamine, pentamethylmelamine and tetramethylmelamine are 6%, 25% and 50%, respectively. Following oral administration ofC-ring-labeled altretamine (4 mg/kg), urinary recovery of radioactivity was 61% at 24 hours and 90% at 72 hours. Human urinary metabolites were Ndemethylated homologues of altretamine with<1% unmetabolized altretamine excreted at 24 hours. After intraperitoneal administration ofC-ring-labeled altretamine to mice, tissue distribution was rapid in all organs, reaching a maximum at 30 minutes. The excretory organs (liver and kidney) and the small intestine showed high concentrations of radioactivity, whereas relatively low concentrations were found in other organs, including the brain. There have been no formal pharmacokinetic studies in patients with compromised hepatic and/or renal function, though HEXALEN capsules has been administered both concurrently and following nephrotoxic drugs such as cisplatin. HEXALEN capsules has been administered in 4 divided doses, with meals and at bedtime, though there is no pharmacokinetic data on this schedule nor information from formal interaction studies about the effect of food on its bioavailability or pharmacokinetics. In two studies in patients with persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer following first-line treatment with cisplatin and/or alkylating agent-based combinations, HEXALEN capsules was administered as a single agent for 14 or 21 days of a 28 day cycle. In the 51 patients with measurable or evaluable disease, there were 6 clinical complete responses, 1 pathologic complete response, and 2 partial responses for an overall response rate of 18%. The duration of these responses ranged from 2 months in a patient with a palpable pelvic mass to 36 months in a patient who achieved a pathologic complete response. In some patients, tumor regression was associated with improvement in symptoms and performance status.
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HEXALEN capsules is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it. HEXALEN capsules should not be employed in patients with preexisting severe bone marrow depression or severe neurologic toxicity. HEXALEN capsules has been administered safely, however, to patients heavily pretreated with cisplatin and/or alkylating agents, including patients with preexisting cisplatin neuropathies. Careful monitoring of neurologic function in these patients is essential.
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HEXALEN (altretamine) capsules is available in 50 mg clear, hard gelatin capsules imprinted with the following inscription: Store up to 25��C (77��F); excursions permitted to 15��to 30��C (59��to 86��F).
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WARNINGS:
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General: Neurologic examination should be performed regularly (see Adverse Reactions).<br/>Laboratory Tests: Peripheral blood counts should be monitored at least monthly, prior to the initiation of each course of HEXALEN capsules, and as clinically indicated (see Adverse Reactions).<br/>Drug Interactions: Concurrent administration of HEXALEN capsules and antidepressants of the MAO inhibitor class may cause severe orthostatic hypotension (see Warnings section). Cimetidine, an inhibitor of microsomal drug metabolism, increased altretamine's half-life and toxicity in a rat model. Data from a randomized trial of HEXALEN capsules and cisplatin plus or minus pyridoxine in ovarian cancer indicated that pyridoxine significantly reduced neurotoxicity; however, it adversely affected response duration suggesting that pyridoxine should not be administered with HEXALEN capsules and/or cisplatin (1).<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility: The carcinogenic potential of HEXALEN capsules has not been studied in animals, but drugs with similar mechanisms of action have been shown to be carcinogenic. HEXALEN capsules was weakly mutagenic when tested in strain TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. HEXALEN capsules administered to female rats 14 days prior to breeding through the gestation period had no adverse effect on fertility, but decreased post-natal survival at 120 mg/m/day and was embryocidal at 240 mg/m/day. Administration of 120 mg/m/day HEXALEN capsules to male rats for 60 days prior to mating resulted in testicular atrophy, reduced fertility and a possible dominant lethal mutagenic effect. Male rats treated with HEXALEN capsules at 450 mg/m/day for 10 days had decreased spermatogenesis, atrophy of testes, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate.<br/>Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category D: see Warnings section.<br/>Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether altretamine is excreted in human milk. Because there is a possibility of toxicity in nursing infants secondary to HEXALEN capsules treatment of the mother, it is recommended that breast feeding be discontinued if the mother is treated with HEXALEN capsules.<br/>Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of HEXALEN capsules in children have not been established.
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No case of acute overdosage in humans has been described. The oral LD50 dose in rats was 1050 mg/kg and 437 mg/kg in mice.
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altretamine
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Hexalen (Capsule)
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Gastrointestinal: With continuous high-dose daily HEXALEN capsules, nausea and vomiting of gradual onset occur frequently. Although in most instances these symptoms are controllable with anti-emetics, at times the severity requires HEXALEN capsules dose reduction or, rarely, discontinuation of HEXALEN capsules therapy. In some instances, a tolerance of these symptoms develops after several weeks of therapy. The incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting are reduced with moderate-dose administration of HEXALEN capsules. In 2 clinical studies of single-agent HEXALEN capsules utilizing a moderate, intermittent dose and schedule, only 1 patient (1%) discontinued HEXALEN capsules due to severe nausea and vomiting.<br/>Neurotoxicity: Peripheral neuropathy and central nervous system symptoms (mood disorders, disorders of consciousness, ataxia, dizziness, vertigo) have been reported. They are more likely to occur in patients receiving continuous high-dose daily HEXALEN (altretamine) capsules than moderate-dose HEXALEN capsules administered on an intermittent schedule. Neurologic toxicity has been reported to be reversible when therapy is discontinued. Data from a randomized trial of HEXALEN capsules and cisplatin plus or minus pyridoxine in ovarian cancer indicated that pyridoxine significantly reduced neurotoxicity; however, it adversely affected response duration suggesting that pyridoxine should not be administered with HEXALEN capsules and/or cisplatin (1).<br/>Hematologic: HEXALEN capsules causes mild to moderate dose-related myelosuppression. Leukopenia below 3000 WBC/mmoccurred in<15% of patients on a variety of intermittent or continuous dose regimens. Less than 1% had leukopenia below 1000 WBC/mm. Thrombocytopenia below 50,000 platelets/mmwas seen in<10% of patients. When given in doses of 8-12 mg/kg/day over a 21 day course, nadirs of leukocyte and platelet counts were reached by 3-4 weeks, and normal counts were regained by 6 weeks. With continuous administration at doses of 6-8 mg/kg/day, nadirs are reached in 6-8 weeks (median). Data in the following table are based on the experience of 76 patients with ovarian cancer previously treated with a cisplatin-based combination regimen who received single-agent HEXALEN capsules. In one study, HEXALEN capsules, 260 mg/m/day, was administered for 14 days of a 28 day cycle. In another study, HEXALEN capsules, 6-8 mg/kg/day, was administered for 21 days of a 28 day cycle. Additional adverse reaction information is available from 13 single-agent altretamine studies (total of 1014 patients) conducted under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute. The treated patients had a variety of tumors and many were heavily pretreated with other chemotherapies; most of these trials utilized high, continuous daily doses of altretamine (612 mg/kg/day). In general, adverse reaction experiences were similar in the two trials described above. Additional toxicities, not reported in the above table, included hepatic toxicity, skin rash, pruritus and alopecia, each occurring in<1% of patients.
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HEXALEN (altretamine) capsules is indicated for use as a single agent in the palliative treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer following first-line therapy with a cisplatin and/or alkylating agent-based combination.
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Hexalen
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