Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/2121
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Definity (Injection, Suspension)
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DEFINITY IS INTENDED FOR ADMINISTRATION ONLY AFTER ACTIVATION IN THE VIALMIX APPARATUS. Before injection, this product must be activated and prepared according to the instructions outlined below. The Vialmix apparatus should be ordered from Bristol-Myers Squibb Medical Imaging, 331 Treble Cove Road, North Billerica, MA 01862. For customer orders call 1-800-299-3431. DEFINITY may be injected by either an intravenous bolus or infusion. Bolus: The recommended dose for activated DEFINITY is 10 microliters (��L)/kg of the activated product by intravenous bolus injection within 30-60 seconds, followed by a 10 mL saline flush. If necessary, a second 10 microliters (��L)/kg dose followed by a second 10 mL saline flush may be administered 30 minutes after the first injection to prolong contrast enhancement. Infusion: The recommended dose for activated DEFINITY is via an IV infusion of 1.3 mL added to 50 mL of preservative-free saline. The rate of infusion should be initiated at 4.0 mL/minute, but titrated as necessary to achieve optimal image enhancement, not to exceed 10 mL/minute. The maximum dose is either two bolus doses or one single intravenous infusion. The safety of bolus and infusion dosing in combination or in sequence, has not been studied. Imaging: After baseline non-contrast echocardiography is completed, the mechanical index for the ultrasound device should be set at 0.8 or below . Then inject activated DEFINITY (as described above) and begin ultrasound imaging immediately. The activated DEFINITY echocardiogram images should be evaluated in combination with the non-contrast echocardiogram images.<br/>DEFINITY ACTIVATION, PREPARATION AND HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS:: FOR SINGLE USE ONLY: DEFINITY does not contain bacterial preservative. Bacterial contamination with the risk of post-administration septicemia can occur following the puncture of the elastomeric septum. It is essential to follow directions for activation of DEFINITY carefully and to adhere to strict aseptic procedures during preparation.
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The DEFINITY vial contains components that upon activation yield perflutren lipid microspheres, a diagnostic drug that is intended to be used for contrast enhancement during the indicated echocardiographic procedures. The vial contains a clear, colorless, sterile, non-pyrogenic, hypertonic liquid, which upon activation with the aid of a Vialmix, provides a homogeneous, opaque, milky white injectable suspension of perflutren lipid microspheres. The suspension of activated DEFINITY is administered by intravenous injection. The perflutren lipid microspheres are composed of octafluoropropane encapsulated in an outer lipid shell consisting of (R)���hexadecanoic acid, 1-[(phosphonoxy)methyl]-1,2-ethanediyl ester, monosodium salt (abbreviated DPPA); (R) - 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-10-oxo-7-[(1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]-3,4,9-trioxa-4-phosphapentacosan-1-aminium, 4-oxide, inner salt (abbreviated DPPC); and (R)-��-[6-hydroxy-6-oxido-9-[(1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]-5,7,11-trioxa-2-aza-6-phosphahexacos-1-yl]-��-methoxypoly(ox-1,2-ethanediyl), monosodium salt (abbreviated MPEG5000 DPPE). Octafluoropropane is chemically characterized as 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,3-octafluoropropane. It has a molecular weight of 188, empirical formula of CFand has the following structural formula: DPPA has a molecular weight of 670, empirical formula of CHOPNa, and following structural formula: DPPC has a molecular weight of 734, empirical formula of CHNOP, and following structural formula: MPEG5000 DPPE has an approximate molecular weight of 5750 represented by empirical formula CHNOPNa, and the following structural formula: Prior to Vialmix activation, the DEFINITY vial contains 6.52 mg/mL octafluoropropane in the headspace. Each mL of the clear liquid contains 0.75 mg lipid blend (consisting of 0.045 mg DPPA, 0.401 mg DPPC, and 0.304 mg MPEG5000 DPPE), 103.5 mg propylene glycol, 126.2 mg glycerin, 2.34 mg sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, 2.16 mg sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, and 4.87 mg sodium chloride in Water for Injection. The pH is 6.2-6.8. After activating the contents of the vial in a Vialmix, each mL of the milky white suspension contains a maximum of 1.2 X 10perflutren lipid microspheres, and about 150��L/mL (1.1 mg/mL) octafluoropropane. The microsphere particle size parameters are listed in Table 1 below: See DEFINITYActivation, Preparation, and Handling Instructions.
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PHARMACODYNAMICS: After activation of DEFINITY and intravenous injection, the physical acoustic properties of activated DEFINITY provide contrast enhancement of the endocardial borders during echocardiography. The perflutren lipid microspheres exhibit lower acoustic impedance than blood and enhance the intrinsic backscatter of blood. In animal models the acoustic properties of activated DEFINITY were established at or below a mechanical index of 0.7 (1.8 MHz frequency). In clinical trials, the majority of the patients were imaged at or below a mechanical index of 0.8. In a crossover trial of 64 patients randomized to both bolus and infusion, the duration of clinically useful contrast enhancement for fundamental imaging was approximately 3.4 minutes after a 10��L/kg bolus and was approximately 7.1 minutes during the continuous infusion of 1.3 mL activated DEFINITY in 50 mL saline at a rate of 4 mL/min.<br/>PHARMACOKINETICS: Human pharmacokinetics information is not available for the intact or degassed lipid microspheres. The pharmacokinetics of octafluoropropane gas (OFP) were evaluated in healthy subjects (n=8) after the IV administration of activated DEFINITY at a 50��L/kg dose.<br/>Octafluoropropane (OFP) Protein Binding: OFP gas binding to plasma proteins or partitioning into blood cells has not been studied. However, OFP protein binding is expected to be minimal due to its low partition coefficient into whole blood.<br/>Metabolism: OFP is a stable gas that is not metabolized. The phospholipid components of the microspheres are thought to be metabolized to free fatty acids.<br/>Elimination: OFP was not detectable after 10 minutes in most subjects either in the blood or in expired air. OFP concentrations in blood were shown to decline in a mono-exponential fashion with a mean half-life of 1.3 minutes in healthy subjects.<br/>SPECIAL POPULATIONS: The pharmacokinetics of octafluoropropane gas (OFP) were evaluated in subjects (n=11) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The mean half-life of OFP in blood was 1.9 minutes. The total lung clearance of OFP was similar to that in healthy subjects. Microspheres may obstruct the vasculature of some patients. See WARNINGS for use in subjects with cardiac shunts and pulmonary hypertension. The pharmacokinetics of activated DEFINITY has not been studied in subjects with hepatic diseases or congestive heart failure.<br/>Gender:: The effects of activated DEFINITY appeared to be similar in men and women.<br/>Age/Race:: The effects of age and race on the pharmacokinetics of activated DEFINITY have not been studied.<br/>Pediatrics:: The pharmacokinetics of activated DEFINITY in pediatric subjects has not been studied. The safety of injecting activated DEFINITY in neonates and infants with immature pulmonary vasculature has not been studied .<br/>Elderly:: The pharmacokinetics of activated DEFINITY in the elderly has not been studied.<br/>DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS: Drug-drug interactions for activated DEFINITY have not been studied.
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Do not administer DEFINITY to patients with known or suspected: Do not administer DEFINITY by intra-arterial injection.
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DEFINITY is supplied as a single use 2-mL clear glass vial containing clear liquid. Each package (clear plastic clamshell) contains four (4) single-use vials.
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WARNING: Serious Cardiopulmonary Reactions Serious cardiopulmonary reactions, including fatalities, have occurred during or within 30 minutes following DEFINITY administration.
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Information For Patients: Patients receiving activated DEFINITY should be instructed to inform their healthcare provider if they:<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Studies with activated DEFINITY have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. Evidence of genotoxicity was not found in the following studies with activated DEFINITY:1) bacterial mutagenesis assay (Ames assay), 2) in vitro mammalian mutagenesis assay, 3) in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration assay, and 4) in vivo rat micronucleus assay. Impairment of male or female fertility was not observed in rats and rabbits treated with activated DEFINITY at up to 1 mL/kg (24x and 15x maximal human dose based on body surface area, respectively).<br/>Pregnancy Category B: Reproduction toxicity studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at up to 3 mL/kg and, 1 mL/kg (24x and 15x maximal human dose based on body surface area for rats and rabbits, respectively). The studies revealed no evidence of an effect of activated DEFINITY treatment on the developing fetus. Adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have not been conducted. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.<br/>Nursing Mothers: Studies to detect if activated DEFINITY is excreted in human milk have not been conducted. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when activated DEFINITY is administered to a nursing woman.<br/>Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of activated DEFINITY have not been established in the pediatric population .
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The clinical consequences of overdosing with activated DEFINITY are not known. Treatment of an overdose should be directed toward the support of all vital functions and prompt institution of symptomatic therapy .
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Perflutren
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Definity (Injection, Suspension)
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Clinical Trials Experience: A total of 1716 subjects were evaluated in pre-market clinical trials of activated DEFINITY. In this group, 1063 (61.9%) were male and 653 (38.1%) were female, 1328 (77.4%) were White, 258 (15.0%) were Black, 74 (4.3%) were Hispanic, and 56 (3.3%) were classified as other racial or ethnic groups. The mean age was 56.1 years (range 18 to 93). Of these, 144 (8.4%) had at least one treatment-related adverse reaction (Table 3). There were 26 serious adverse events and 15 (0.9%) subjects discontinued because of an adverse event. Deaths and serious adverse events: Among the 1716 activated DEFINITY patients, 19 (1.1%) suffered serious cardiopulmonary adverse events including eight deaths. The deaths occurred several days after activated DEFINITY administration and appear to be related to the course of underlying disease. Of the 11 other serious adverse events, which appeared within days of the drug administration (2-15 days), all appeared to be a progression underlying cardiac and non-cardiac disease. However, a role for DEFINITY in the initiation or course of these adverse events can not be ruled out. Discontinuations: There were 15 discontinuations reported with a mean age of 41.5 years. Nine of these patients were discontinued after the first injection. One patient experienced a hypersensitivity reaction with urticaria and pruritus and all the other patients experienced dizziness, chest pain, dyspnea or back pain. Adverse events appeared within minutes (1���15 min) of the drug administration and were of moderate intensity resolving usually without treatment within minutes or hours after onset. For all adverse events, the overall incidence of adverse experiences was similar for the<65 year age group and the���65 year age group, similar in males and in females, similar among all racial or ethnic groups and similar for bolus and infusion dosing. As shown in Table 3, the most common adverse events were reported in the Central and peripheral nervous system (3.1%), Body as a Whole (2.4%) and Gastrointestinal system (1.8%). The most common events were headache (2.3%), back and renal pain (1.2%), flushing (1.1%) and nausea (1.0%). Other treatment-related adverse experiences that occurred in<0.5% of the activated DEFINITY-dosed subjects were: Body as a Whole: Fatigue, fever, hot flushes, pain, rigors, and syncope Cardiovascular: Abnormal ECGs, bradycardia, tachycardia, palpitation, hypertension and hypotension Digestive: Dyspepsia, dry mouth, tongue disorder, toothache, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting Hematology: Granulocytosis, leukocytosis, leukopenia, monocytosis and eosinophilia Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia Nervous System: Leg cramps, hypertonia, vertigo and paresthesia Platelet, Bleeding, and Clotting: Hematoma Respiratory: Coughing, hypoxia, pharyngitis, rhinitis and dyspnea Special Senses: Decreased hearing, conjunctivitis, abnormal vision and taste perversion Skin: Pruritus, rash, erythematous rash, urticaria, increased sweating, and dry skin Urinary: Albuminuria and abnormal urine Miscellaneous: Lymphadenopathy<br/>Post Marketing Experience: The following adverse reactions have been identified during the post-marketing use of DEFINITY. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Four fatal cardiac arrests and other serious but non-fatal adverse reactions were uncommonly reported. Most of these uncommon reactions included cardiopulmonary symptoms and signs such as cardiac or respiratory arrest, hypotension, supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, respiratory distress or decreased oxygenation. Reports also identified neurologic reactions (loss of consciousness or convulsions) as well as anaphylactoid reactions .
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Serious Cardiopulmonary Reactions:: Serious cardiopulmonary reactions, including fatalities, have occurred during or within 30 minutes following DEFINITY administration. Assess all patients for the presence of any condition that precludes DEFINITY administration . Monitor patients during and for 30 minutes following DEFINITY administration, including vital sign measurements and electrocardiography in all patients and cutaneous oxygen saturation in patients at risk for hypoxemia. Always have resuscitation equipment and trained personnel readily available. In postmarketing use, four patients experienced fatal cardiac arrests either during or within 30 minutes of DEFINITY administration; one patient received DEFINITY and underwent a cardiac stress test, two patients had severe congestive heart failure and the fourth was undergoing mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. Other uncommon but serious reactions observed during or shortly following DEFINITY administration included cardiacor respiratory arrest, loss of consciousness, convulsions, symptomatic arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation), hypotension, respiratory distress or cardiac ischemia . Activated DEFINITY given at a dose of 1 mL/kg (13.5x the maximum human dose based on body surface area) increased the respiratory rate and pulmonary arterial pressure (300% and 188%, respectively) in dogs. One dog died displaying clinical signs consistent with cardiopulmonary collapse. Signs consistent with cardiopulmonary collapse were also noted in rats dosed with activated DEFINITY (multiple-dose study) and included deaths at doses>0.3 mL/kg (2.5x the maximum human dose based on body surface area). Additionally, histopathological pulmonary lesions were detected in rats at doses above 0.1 mL/kg (20% lower than the maximum human dose based on body surface area).<br/>Anaphylactoid Reactions:: Post-marketing reports of acute anaphylactoid reactions including shock, bronchospasm, upper airway swelling, loss of consciousness, urticaria and pruritus, have occurred in patients with no prior exposure to DEFINITY. Monitor all patients for signs and symptoms of anaphylactoid reactions .<br/>Systemic Embolization of DEFINITY in Patients with Cardiac Shunts:: In patients with right-to-left, bi-directional, or transient right-to-left cardiac shunts phospholipid-encapsulated microspheres can bypass the pulmonary particle-filtering mechanisms and directly enter the arterial circulation resulting in microvascular occlusion and ischemia. In an animal study utilizing intra-arterial administration of activated DEFINITY, microsphere trapping was seen in small arterioles<15��m, especially at branch points and in capillaries at all doses tested, including doses directly applicable to those used in humans. An animal study utilizing intravenous administration did not result in arterial microvascular obstruction presumably because of filtering by the lungs. Do not administer DEFINITY by intra-arterial injection .<br/>High Ultrasound Mechanical Index:: High ultrasound mechanical index values may cause microsphere cavitation or rupture and lead to ventricular arrhythmias. Additionally, end-systolic triggering with high mechanical indices has been reported to cause ventricular arrhythmias. The safety of activated DEFINITY at mechanical indices greater than 0.8 has not been evaluated. The safety of activated DEFINITY with the use of end-systolic triggering has not been evaluated.<br/>QTc Prolongation:: ECG parameters for doses up to 10��L/kg were monitored in 221 subjects at multiple time points from 1 hour to 72 hours after the first bolus injection. In the 221 subjects, QTc prolongations of>30 msec were noted in 64 (29%) subjects. Forty-six out of 64 subjects with QTc prolongations were further evaluated and 39% (18/46) showed associated cardiac rhythm changes. The effects of concomitant drugs were not studied .
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Activated DEFINITY (Perflutren Lipid Microsphere) Injectable Suspension is indicated for use in patients with suboptimal echocardiograms to opacify the left ventricular chamber and to improve the delineation of the left ventricular endocardial border. The safety and efficacy of DEFINITY with exercise stress or pharmacologic stress testing have not been established.
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Definity
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