Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/1865
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Vantas (Implant)
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The recommended dose of Vantas is one implant for 12 months. Each implant contains 50 mg histrelin acetate. The implant is inserted subcutaneously in the inner aspect of the upper arm and provides continuous release of histrelin for 12 months of hormonal therapy. Vantas must be removed after 12 months of therapy. At the time an implant is removed, another implant may be inserted to continue therapy (see Insertion and Removal Procedures). Insertion and Removal Procedures The Vantas implant is supplied in a sterile vial within an opaque plastic bag, which in turn is in a carton. The implant should be kept refrigerated (2-8��C / 36-46��F) until the day of the procedure. A kit, containing all the supplies necessary to insert and/or explant the implant is provided with the implant. The kit itself does not require refrigeration. It is important to use aseptic techniques to minimize any chance of infection. Sterile gloves are required for the insertion procedure and subsequent removal of the implant. The implant is inserted using the procedure outlined below: Identifying the Insertion Site The patient should be on his back, with the arm least used (e.g., left arm for a right-handed person) flexed so the physician has ready access to the inner aspect of the upper arm. Prop the arm with pillows so the patient can easily hold that position.The optimum site for insertion is approximately half way between the shoulder and the elbow and in the crease between the bicep and triceps. Contents of the Sterile Kit The sterile kit contains: Prepare the sterile field by laying the contents of the implantation kit on the non-fenestrated drape. Loading the Insertion Tool Load the insertion tool prior to prepping the insertion field and insertion. Remove the insertion tool from its sterile bag. The tool is shipped with the cannula fully extended. Verify this by inspecting the position of the green retraction button. The button should be all the way forward, towards the cannula, away from the handle. Remove the metal band from the vial, remove the rubber stopper and use the mosquito clamp to grasp either tip of the implant. AVOID GRABBING OR CLAMPING THE MIDDLE OF THE IMPLANT TO PREVENT DISTORTION OF THE IMPLANT. Insert the implant into the insertion tool. It will seat in cannula so that just the tip is visible at the bottom of the bevel.<br/>Inserting the Implant: Anesthetic Incision Insertion Closing the Incision<br/>Patient Instructions- Aftercare: Give the patient the Patient Summary Information. Instruct the patient to refrain from wetting the arm with the implant for 24 hours. The adhesive, elastic bandage can be removed at that time. The patient should not remove the surgical closure strips; rather, the strips should be allowed to fall off on their own after several days. Patientsshould refrain from heavy lifting and strenuous physical activity of the inserted arm for 7 days to allow the incision to fully close.<br/>Removal Procedure and New Implant Insertion: The Vantas implant must be removed after 12 months of therapy. The techniques and instruments required are the same as found in the Vantas kit for implantation (see kit contents). If a new Vantas implant will be inserted, the new kit sent with the new implant will provide all necessary instruments and anesthesia/antiseptics. Otherwise, assemble all the necessary implements prior to the procedure. Locating the Implant The implant may be located by palpating the area near the incision from the prior year. Generally, the implant is readily palpated. Press the distal end of the implant to determine the proximal tip's location relative to the old incision. In the event the implant is difficult to locate, ultrasound can be used. If ultrasound fails to locate the implant, other imaging techniques such as CT or MRI may be used to locate it. Preparing the Site Anesthetic Incision/Explantation IF INSERTING A NEW IMPLANT - PROCEED ACCORDING TO "LOADING THE INSERTION TOOL", "INSERTION" AND "CLOSING THE INCISION" SECTIONS. The new implant may be placed through the same incision site. Alternatively, the contralateral arm may be used.
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Vantas (histrelin implant) is a sterile non-biodegradable, diffusion-controlled reservoir drug delivery system designed to deliver histrelin continuously for 12 months upon subcutaneous implantation. The Vantas implant contains 50 mg of histrelin acetate. Histrelin acetate is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of the naturally occurring gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). The sterile Vantas implantation device (provided with the implant) is used to insert the implant subcutaneously in the inner aspect of the upper arm. After 12 months, the implant must be removed. At the time the implant is removed, another implant may be inserted to continue therapy. The sterile Vantas implant consists of a 50-mg histrelin acetate drug core inside a non-biodegradable, 3.5 cm by 3 mm cylindrically shaped hydrogel reservoir (Figure A). The drug core also contains the inactive ingredient stearic acid NF. The hydrogel reservoir is a hydrophilic polymer cartridge composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, benzoin methyl ether, Perkadox-16, and Triton X-100. The hydrated implant is packaged in a glass vial containing 2.0 mL of 1.8% NaCl solution. The implant is primed for release of the drug upon insertion. Figure A. Vantas -Histrelin Implant diagram (not to scale) Histrelin acetate is chemically described as 5-oxo-L-prolyl-L-histidyl-L-tryptophyl-L-seryl-L-tyrosyl-N-benzyl-D-histidyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-N-ethyl-L-prolinamide acetate (salt) [CHNO. (1.7-2.8 moles) CHCOOH, (0.6-7.0 moles) HO], with the molecular weight of 1443.70 (or 1323.50 as histrelin base. Histrelin acetate has the following structural formula
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Histrelin acetate, an LH-RH agonist, acts as a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion when given continuously in therapeutic doses. Both animal and human studies indicate that following an initial stimulatory phase, chronic, subcutaneous administration of histrelin acetate desensitizes responsiveness of the pituitary gonadotropin which, in turn, causes a reduction in testicular steroidogenesis. In humans, administration of histrelin acetate results in an initial increase in circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), leading to a transient increase in concentration of gonadal steroids (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in males). However, continuous administration of histrelin acetate results in decreased levels of LH and FSH. In males, testosterone is reduced to castrate levels. These decreases occur within 2 to 4 weeks after initiation of treatment. The Vantas Implant is designed to provide continuous subcutaneous release of histrelin acetate at a nominal rate of 50-60 micrograms per day over 12 months. Histrelin acetate is not active when given orally.<br/>PHARMACOKINETICS: Absorption: Following subcutaneous insertion of one Vantas (histrelin implant) 50 mg implant in advanced prostate cancer patients (n = 17), peak serum concentrations of 1.10��0.375 ng/mL (mean��SD) occurred at a median of 12 hours. Continuous subcutaneous release was evident, as serum levels were sustained throughout the 52 week dosing period (see Figure 1). The mean serum histrelin concentration at the end of the 52 week treatment duration was 0.13��0.065 ng/ml. When histrelin serum concentrations were measured following a second implant inserted after 52 weeks, the observed serum concentrations over 8 weeks following the second implant were comparable to the same period following the first implant. The average rate of subcutaneous drug release from 41 implants assayed for residual drug content was 56.7��7.71��g/day over the 52 week dosing period. The relative bioavailability for the Vantas implant in prostate cancer patients with normal renal and hepatic function compared to a subcutaneous bolus dose in healthy male volunteers was 92%. Serum histrelin concentrations were proportional to dose after one, two or four 50 mg Vantas implants (50, 100 or 200 mg as histrelin acetate) in 42 prostate cancer patients. Figure 1: Mean Serum Histrelin Concentration versus Time Profile for 17 Patients Following Insertion of First and Second Vantas implants. (Note that only four patients underwent intensive pK sampling during the first 96 hours following the second implant.) Distribution: The apparent volume of distribution of histrelin following a subcutaneous bolus dose (500��g) in healthy volunteers was 58.4��7.86 L. The fraction of drug unbound in plasma measured in vitro was 29.5%��8.9% (mean��SD). Metabolism: An in vitro drug metabolism study using human hepatocytes identified a single histrelin metabolite resulting from C-terminal dealkylation. Peptide fragments resulting from hydrolysis are also likely metabolites. Following a subcutaneous bolus dose in healthy volunteers the apparent clearance of histrelin was 179��37.8 mL/min (mean��SD) and the terminal half-life was 3.92��1.01 hr (mean��SD). The apparent clearance following a 50 mg (as histrelin acetate) Vantas implant in 17 prostate cancer patients was 174��56.5 mL/min (mean��SD). Excretion: No drug excretion study was conducted with Vantas 50 mg implants.<br/>Special Populations:: Drug-Drug Interactions: No pharmacokinetic-based drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with Vantas.<br/>CLINICAL STUDIES: In one open-label, multicenter, Phase 3 study (Study 301), 138 patients with prostate cancer were treated with a single Vantas implant and were evaluated for at least 60 weeks. Of these, 37 patients had Jewett stage C disease, 29 had stage D disease, and the remaining 72 patients had an elevated or rising serum PSA after definitive therapy for localized disease. Serum testosterone levels were assessed as the primary efficacy endpoint to evaluate both achievement and maintenance of castrate testosterone suppression, with treatment success being defined as a serum testosterone level���50 ng/dL. At Week 52, the study included the option for removal and insertion of a new implant, with evaluation for an additional 52 weeks (the "extension phase"). A total of 120 patients completed the initial 52-week treatment period. Reasons for discontinuation were: death (n=6), disease progression (n=5), implant expulsion (n=3), hospice placement (n=2), and patient request/no specific reason given (n=2). Of the 120 patients who successfully completed 52 weeks of treatment, 111 were evaluable for efficacy. A total of 113 patients underwent removal of the first implant and insertion of a second implant for another year of therapy. In a subset of 17 patients, serum testosterone concentrations were measured within the first week following initial implantation. In these 17 patients, mean serum testosterone concentrations increased from 376.4ng/dL at Baseline to 530.5ng/dL on Day 2, then decreased to below baseline by Week 2, and to below the 50ng/dL castrate threshold by Week 4 (see Figure 2). Serum testosterone concentrations remained below the castrate level in this subset for the entire treatment period. Figure 2: Mean Serum Total Testosterone Concentrations for all pK Patients, n=17. (Note that in this group, sampling began minutes after insertion of Vantas.) In the overall treatment group (n=138), mean serum testosterone was 388.3ng/dL at Baseline. At the time of first assessment of testosterone (at the end of Week 1), the mean serum testosterone concentration was 382.8ng/dL. At Week 2, mean serum testosterone was 92.2ng/dL. At Week 4 it was 15ng/dL. At Week 52, the final mean testosterone concentration was 14.3ng/dL (see Figure 3). Figure 3. Mean Serum Total Testosterone Concentrations (+SD) for All Patients (n=138) Who Received One Implant. (Note that in this group, sampling began at the end of Week 1.) Of 138 patients who received an implant, one discontinued prior to Day 28 when the implant was expelled on Day 15. Three others did not have an efficacy measurement for the Day 28 visit. Otherwise serum testosterone was suppressed to below the castrate level (���50ng/dL) in all 134 evaluable patients (100%) on Day 28. All three patients with missing values at Day 28 were castrate by the time of their next visit (Day 56). Once serum testosterone concentrations at or below castrate level (���50ng/dL) were achieved, a total of 4 patients (3%) demonstrated breakthrough during the study. In one patient, a serum testosterone of 63ng/dL was reported at Week 44. In another patient, a serum testosterone of 3340ng/dL was reported at Week 40. This aberrant value was possibly related to lab error. In two patients, serum testosterone rose above castrate level and the implant could neither be palpated nor visualized with ultrasound. In the first patient, serum testosterone was 669ng/dL at Week 8 and 311ng/dL at Week 12. This patient reported strenuous exertion after insertion of the implant and a large scab forming at the insertion site. The implant may have been expelled without the patient's appreciation of the event. The other patient developed erythema at the insertion site at Week 22 and was treated with oralantibiotics. At Week 26, the implant was not palpable and was not visualized with ultrasound. At Week 34, the serum testosterone rose to 135ng/dL. The implant may have been expelled without the patient's appreciation of the event. A new implant was inserted. Of 120 patients who completed 52 weeks of treatment, a total of 115 patients had a serum testosterone measurement at Week 52. Of these, all had serum testosterone���50ng/dL. In patients without a Week 52 value, castrate levels were achieved by Day 28, were maintained up to Week 52, and remained below the castrate threshold after Week 52. In all 18 patients who prematurely discontinued prior to Week 52���except one (implant expulsion on Day 15)���castrate levels of serum testosterone were achieved by Day 28 and were maintained up to and including the time of withdrawal. A total of 113 patients had a new implant inserted for a second year of therapy following removal of the first implant. Of this group, 68 patients had measurement of serum testosterone on Day 2 or Day 3 and on Day 7 after insertion of the second implant in order to assess for the "acute-on-chronic" phenomenon. No acute increase in serum testosterone was seen in any patient in this group following insertion of the new implant. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) was monitored as a secondary endpoint. Serum PSA decreased from baseline in all patients after they began treatment with Vantas. Serum PSA decreased to within normal limits by Week 24 in 103 of 111 evaluable patients (93%). Prior to conducting the pivotal Study 301, a Phase 2, dose-ranging study was performed in 42 patients with advanced prostate cancer. Efficacy was assessed by serum testosterone levels as the primary efficacy endpoint. Patients received 1, 2 or 4 implants. The use of 2 or 4 implants did not confer any additional benefit in suppression of testosterone beyond that produced by the single implant.
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Vantas (NDC 67979-500-01) is supplied in a carton containing 2 inner cartons, one for the Vantas implant and one for the Vantas implantation kit: The Vantas implant carton contains a cold pack for refrigerated shipment and a small carton containing an amber plastic pouch. Inside the pouch is a glass vial with a teflon-coated stopper and an aluminum seal, containing the implant immersed in 2 mL of 1.8% sterile sodium chloride. Upon receipt, refrigerate the small carton containing the amber plastic pouch and glass vial (with the implant inside) until the day of insertion. Store the implant refrigerated, 2-8��C (36-46��F), in the unopened glass vial with the 1.8% sterile sodium chloride solution, overwrapped in the amber plastic pouch and carton. Protect from light. Do not freeze. The Vantas implantation kit carton contains one each of the following (individually wrapped in sterile packaging): implant insertion tool, #11 disposable scalpel, syringe with 18 gauge needle, 25 gauge, 1.5 needle, mosquito hemostat clamp, povidone-iodine, swabs, alcohol swabs (2 packages), fenestrated drape, non-fenestrated drape, antiseptic ointment, gauze sponges, surgical closure strips, coated vicryl sutures, adhesive elastic bandage, and lidocaine HCl 1% with epinephrine.
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Histrelin acetate injection of up to 200 mcg/kg (rats, rabbits), or 2000 mcg/kg (mice) resulted in no systemic toxicity. This represents 20 to 200 times the maximal recommended human dose of 10 mcg/kg/day. Adverse event profiles were similar in patients receiving one, two or four Vantas implants.
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Histrelin
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Vantas (Implant)
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The safety of Vantas was evaluated in 171 patients with prostate cancer treated for up to 36 months in two clinical trials. The pivotal study (study 301) consisted of 138 patients, while a separate supportive study (study 302) consisted of 33 patients. Vantas, like other LH-RH analogs, caused a transient increase in serum testosterone concentrations during the first week of treatment. Therefore, potential exacerbations of signs and symptoms of the disease during the first few weeks of treatment are of concern in patients with vertebral metastases and/or urinary obstruction or hematuria. If these conditions are aggravated, it may lead to neurological problems such as weakness and/or paresthesia of the lower limbs or worsening of urinary symptoms . In the first 12 months after initial insertion of the implant(s), an implant extruded through the incision site in eight of 171 patients in the clinical trials (see Insertion and Removal Procedures for correct implant placement). In the pivotal study (Study 301) a detailed evaluation for implant site reactions was conducted. Out of the 138 patients in the study, 19 patients (13.8%) experienced local or insertion site reactions. All these local site reactions were reported as mild in severity. The majority were associated with initial insertion or removal and insertion of a new implant, and began and resolved within the first two weeks following implant insertion. Reactions persisted in 4 (2.8%) patients. An additional 4 (2.8%) patients developed application-site reactions after the first two weeks following insertion. Local reactions after implant insertion included bruising (7.2% of patients) and pain/soreness/tenderness (3.6% of patients). Other, less frequently reported, reactions included erythema (2.8% of patients) and swelling (0.7% of patients). In this study, two patients had events described as local infections/inflammations, one that resolved after treatment with oral antibiotics and the other without treatment. Local reactions following insertion of a subsequent implant were comparable to those seen after initial insertion. The following possibly or probably related systemic adverse events occurred during clinical trials of up to 24 months of treatment with Vantas, and were reported in���2% of patients
(Table 1). Hot flashes were the most common adverse event reported (65.5 % of patients). In terms of severity, 2.3% of patients reported severe hot flashes, 25.4 % of patients reported moderate hot flashes and 37.7% reported mild hot flashes. In addition, the following possibly or probably related systemic adverse events were reported by<2% of patients using Vantas in clinical studies. Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Anemia Cardiac Disorders: Palpitations, ventricular extrasystoles Gastrointestinal Disorders: Abdominal discomfort, nausea General Disorders: Feeling cold, lethargy, malaise, edema peripheral, pain, pain exacerbated, weakness, weight decreased Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatic disorder Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications: Stent occlusion Laboratory Investigations: Aspartate aminotransferase increased, blood glucose increased, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased, blood testosterone increased, creatinine clearance decreased, prostatic acid phosphatase increased Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: Appetite increased, fluid retention, food craving, hypercalcemia, hypercholesterolemia Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: Arthralgia, back pain, back pain aggravated, bone pain, muscle twitching, myalgia, neck pain, pain in limb Nervous System Disorders: Dizziness, tremor Psychiatric Disorders: Depression, irritability Renal and Urinary Disorders: Calculus renal, dysuria, hematuria aggravated, renal failure aggravated, urinary frequency, urinary frequency aggravated, urinary retention Reproductive System and Breast Disorders: Breast pain, breast tenderness, genital pruritus male, gynecomastia aggravated, sexual dysfunction Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Dyspnea exertional Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Contusion, hypotrichosis, night sweats, pruritus, sweating increased Vascular Disorders: Flushing, hematoma<br/>Changes in Bone Density: Decreased bone density has been reported in the medical literature in men who have had orchiectomy or who have been treated with an LH-RH agonist analog. It can be anticipated that long periods of medical castration in men will have effects on bone density. Post-marketingPituitary Apoplexy: During post-marketing surveillance, rare cases of pituitary apoplexy (a clinical syndrome secondary to infarction of the pituitary gland) have been reported after the administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. In a majority of these cases, a pituitary adenoma was diagnosed with a majority of pituitary apoplexy cases occurring within 2 weeks of the final dose, and some within the first hour. In these cases, pituitary apoplexy has presented as sudden headache, vomiting, visual changes, opthalmoplegia, altered mental status, and sometimes cardiovascular collapse. Immediate medical attention has been required.
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Vantas is indicated in the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Vantas
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