Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/1815
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BYETTA (Injection)
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BYETTA therapy should be initiated at 5 mcg per dose administered twice daily at any time within the 60-minute period before the morning and evening meals (or before the two main meals of the day, approximately 6 hours or more apart). BYETTA should not be administered after a meal. Based on clinical response, the dose of BYETTA can be increased to 10 mcg twice daily after 1 month of therapy. Each dose should be administered as a SC injection in the thigh, abdomen, or upper arm. BYETTA is recommended for use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are already receiving metformin, a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione, a combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea, or a combination of metformin and a thiazolidinedione, and have suboptimal glycemic control. When BYETTA is added to metformin or thiazolidinedione therapy, the current dose of metformin or thiazolidinedione can be continued as it is unlikely that the dose of metformin or thiazolidinedione will require adjustment due to hypoglycemia when used with BYETTA. When BYETTA is added to sulfonylurea therapy, a reduction in the dose of sulfonylurea may be considered to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia . BYETTA is a clear and colorless liquid and should not be used if particles appear or if the solution is cloudy or colored. BYETTA should not be used past the expiration date. No data are available on the safety or efficacy of intravenous or intramuscular injection of BYETTA.
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Mechanism of Action: Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and exhibit other antihyperglycemic actions following their release into the circulation from the gut. Exenatide is an incretin mimetic agent that mimics the enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion and several other antihyperglycemic actions of incretins. The amino acid sequence of exenatide partially overlaps that of human GLP-1. Exenatide has been shown to bind and activate the known human GLP-1 receptor in vitro. This leads to an increase in both glucose-dependent synthesis of insulin, and in vivo secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, by mechanisms involving cyclic AMP and/or other intracellular signaling pathways. Exenatide promotes insulin release from beta cells in the presence of elevated glucose concentrations. When administered in vivo, exenatide mimics certain antihyperglycemic actions of GLP-1. BYETTA improves glycemic control by reducing fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes through the actions described below. Glucose-dependent insulin secretion: BYETTA has acute effects on pancreatic beta-cell responsiveness to glucose and leads to insulin release only in the presence of elevated glucose concentrations. This insulin secretion subsides as blood glucose concentrations decrease and approach euglycemia. First-phase insulin response: In healthy individuals, robust insulin secretion occurs during the first 10 minutes following intravenous (IV) glucose administration. This secretion, known as the "first-phase insulin response," is characteristically absent in patients with type 2 diabetes. The loss of the first-phase insulin response is an early beta-cell defect in type 2 diabetes. Administration of BYETTA at therapeutic plasma concentrations restored first-phase insulin response to an IV bolus of glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes (Figure 1). Both first-phase insulin secretion and second-phase insulin secretion were significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with BYETTA compared with saline (p<0.001 for both). Glucagon secretion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, BYETTA moderates glucagon secretion and lowers serum glucagon concentrations during periods of hyperglycemia. Lower glucagon concentrations lead to decreased hepatic glucose output and decreased insulin demand. However, BYETTA does not impair the normal glucagon response to hypoglycemia. Gastric emptying: BYETTA slows gastric emptying, thereby reducing the rate at which meal-derived glucose appears in the circulation. Food intake: In both animals and humans, administration of exenatide has been shown to reduce food intake.<br/>Pharmacokinetics:<br/>Absorption: Following SC administration to patients with type 2 diabetes, exenatide reaches median peak plasma concentrations in 2.1 h. Mean peak exenatide concentration (C) was 211 pg/mL and overall mean area under the curve (AUC) was 1036 pg���h/mL following SC administration of a 10 mcg dose of BYETTA. Exenatide exposure (AUC) increased proportionally over the therapeutic dose range of 5 mcg to 10 mcg. The Cvalues increased less than proportionally over the same range. Similar exposure is achieved with SC administration of BYETTA in the abdomen, thigh, or arm.<br/>Distribution: The mean apparent volume of distribution of exenatide following SC administration of a single dose of BYETTA is 28.3 L.<br/>Metabolism and Elimination: Nonclinical studies have shown that exenatide is predominantly eliminated by glomerular filtration with subsequent proteolytic degradation. The mean apparent clearance of exenatide in humans is 9.1 L/h and the mean terminal half-life is 2.4 h. These pharmacokinetic characteristics of exenatide are independent of the dose. In most individuals, exenatide concentrations are measurable for approximately 10 h post-dose.<br/>Special Populations:<br/>Drug Interactions:<br/>Pharmacodynamics:<br/>Postprandial Glucose: In patients with type 2 diabetes, BYETTA reduces the postprandial plasma glucose concentrations (Figure 2).<br/>Fasting Glucose: In a single-dose crossover study in patients with type 2 diabetes and fasting hyperglycemia, an immediate insulin release followed injection of BYETTA. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly reduced with BYETTA compared with placebo (Figure 3).
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BYETTA is supplied as a sterile solution for subcutaneous injection containing 250 mcg/mL exenatide. The following packages are available: 5 mcg per dose, 60 doses, 1.2 mL prefilled pen NDC 66780-210-0710 mcg per dose, 60 doses, 2.4 mL prefilled pen NDC 66780-210-08
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exenatide
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BYETTA (Injection)
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Use with metformin and/or a sulfonylurea: In the three 30-week controlled trials of BYETTA add-on to metformin and/or sulfonylurea, adverse events with an incidence���5% (excluding hypoglycemia; see Table 3) that occurred more frequently in BYETTA-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients are summarized in Table 4. The adverse events associated with BYETTA generally were mild to moderate in intensity. The most frequently reported adverse event, mild to moderate nausea, occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. With continued therapy, the frequency and severity decreased over time in most of the patients who initially experienced nausea. Adverse events reported in���1.0 to<5.0% of patients receiving BYETTA and reported more frequently than with placebo included asthenia (mostly reported as weakness), decreased appetite, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and hyperhidrosis. Patients in the extension studies at 52 weeks experienced similar types of adverse events observed in the 30-week controlled trials. The incidence of withdrawal due to adverse events was 7% for BYETTA-treated patients and 3% for placebo-treated patients. The most common adverse events leading to withdrawal for BYETTA-treated patients were nausea (3% of patients) and vomiting (1%). For placebo-treated patients,<1% withdrew due to nausea and 0% due to vomiting.<br/>Use with a thiazolidinedione: In the 16-week placebo-controlled study of BYETTA add-on to a thiazolidinedione, with or without metformin, the incidence and type of other adverse events observed were similar to those seen in the 30-week controlled clinical trials with metformin and/or a sulfonylurea. No serious adverse events were reported in the placebo arm. Two serious adverse events, namely chest pain (leading to withdrawal) and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, were reported in the BYETTA arm. The incidence of withdrawal due to adverse events was 16% (19/121) for BYETTA-treated patients and 2% (2/112) for placebo-treated patients. The most common adverse events leading to withdrawal for BYETTA-treated patients were nausea (9%) and vomiting (5%). For placebo-treated patients,<1% withdrew due to nausea. Chills (n=4) and injection-site reactions (n=2) occurred only in BYETTA-treated patients. The two patients who reported an injection-site reaction had high titers of anti-exenatide antibody.<br/>Spontaneous Data: Since market introduction of BYETTA, the following additional adverse reactions have been reported. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. General: injection-site reactions; dysgeusia; somnolence, INR increased with concomitant warfarin use (some reports associated with bleeding). Allergy/Hypersensitivity: generalized pruritus and/or urticaria, macular or papular rash, angioedema; rare reports of anaphylactic reaction. Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea resulting in dehydration; abdominal distension, abdominal pain, eructation, constipation, flatulence, acute pancreatitis. Renal and Urinary Disorders: altered renal function, including acute renal failure, worsened chronic renal failure, renal impairment, increased serum creatinine .<br/>Immunogenicity: Consistent with the potentially immunogenic properties of protein and peptide pharmaceuticals, patients may develop anti-exenatide antibodies following treatment with BYETTA. In most patients who develop antibodies, antibody titers diminish over time. In the 30-week controlled trials of BYETTA add-on to metformin and/or sulfonylurea, 38% of patients had low titer anti-exenatide antibodies at 30 weeks. For this group, the level of glycemic control (HbA) was generally comparable to that observed in those without antibody titers. An additional 6% of patients had higher titer antibodies at 30 weeks. In about half of this 6% (3% of the total patients given BYETTA in the 30-week controlled studies), the glycemic response to BYETTA was attenuated; the remainder had a glycemic response comparable to that of patients without antibodies. In the 16-week trial of BYETTA add-on to thiazolidinediones, with or without metformin, 9% of patients had higher titer antibodies at 16 weeks. Compared with patients who did not develop antibodies to BYETTA, on average the glycemic response in patients with higher titer antibodies was attenuated. The patient's glycemic response to BYETTA should be monitored. If there is worsening glycemic control or failure to achieve targeted glycemic control, alternative antidiabetic therapy should be considered.
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BYETTA is indicated as adjunctive therapy to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking metformin, a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione, a combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea, or a combination of metformin and a thiazolidinedione, but have not achieved adequate glycemic control.
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BYETTA
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