Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/1768
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XYLOCAINE (Injection)
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Adults:<br/>Single Direct Intravenous Injection (bolus): The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg of lidocaine hydrochloride (0.70 to 1.4 mg/kg; 0.32 to 0.63 mg/lb) administered intravenously under ECG monitoring. This dose may be administered at the rate of approximately 25 to 50 mg/min (0.35 to 0.70 mg/kg/min; 0.16 to 0.32 mg/lb/min). Sufficient time should be allowed to enablea slow circulation to carry the drug to the site of action. If the initial injection of 50 to 100 mg does not produce a desired response, a second dose may be injected after 5 minutes. NO MORE THAN 200 TO 300 mg OF LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE SHOULD BE ADMINISTERED DURING A ONE HOUR PERIOD.<br/>Continuous Intravenous Infusion: Following bolus administration, intravenous infusions of Xylocaine may be initiated at the rate of 1 to 4 mg/min of lidocaine hydrochloride (0.014 to 0.057 mg/kg/min; 0.006 to 0.026 mg/lb/min). The rate of intravenous infusions should be reassessed as soon as the patient's basic cardiac rhythm appears to be stable or at the earliest signs of toxicity. It should rarely be necessary to continue intravenous infusions for lidocaine for prolonged periods. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever the solution and container permit. Do not use if solution is discolored or cloudy.<br/>Pediatric: Controlled clinical studies in the pediatric population to establish dosing schedules have not been conducted.
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| dailymed-instance:descripti... |
Xylocaine (lidocaine HCl Injection, USP) is a sterile non-pyrogenic solution of an antiarrhythmic agent administered intravenously by direct injection. Xylocaine Injection is composed of an aqueous solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. Lidocaine HCl (CHNO���HCl) is chemically designated acetamide, 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2, 6 dimethylphenyl)-, monohydrochloride and is represented by the following structural formula: pH adjusted to 5.0���7.0 with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. Single use container. Solution does not contain preservatives.
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Mechanism of Action and Electrophysiology: Studies of the effects of therapeutic concentrations of lidocaine on the electrophysiological properties of mammalian Purkinje fibers have shown that lidocaine attenuates phase 4 diastolic depolarization, decreases automaticity, and causes a decrease or no change in excitability and membrane responsiveness. Action potential duration and effective refractory period of Purkinje fibers are decreased, while the ratio of effective refractory period to action potential is increased. Action potential duration and effective refractory period of ventricular muscle are also decreased. Effective refractory period of the AV node may increase, decrease or remain unchanged, and atrial effective refractory period is unchanged. Lidocaine raises the ventricular fibrillation threshold. No significant interactions between lidocaine and the autonomic nervous system have been described and consequently, lidocaine has little or no effect on autonomic tone. Clinical electrophysiological studies with lidocaine have demonstrated no change in sinus node recovery time or sinoatrial conduction time. AV nodal conduction time is unchanged or shortened, and His-Purkinje conduction time is unchanged.<br/>Hemodynamics: At therapeutic doses, lidocaine has minimal hemodynamic effects in normal subjects and in patients with heart disease. Lidocaine has been shown to cause no, or minimal, decrease in ventricular contractility, cardiac output, arterial pressure or heart rate.<br/>Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism: Lidocaine is rapidly metabolized by the liver, and less than 10% of a dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Oxidative N-dealkylation, a major pathway of metabolism, results in the metabolites monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide. The pharmacological/toxicological activities of these metabolites are similar to, but less potent than, lidocaine. The primary metabolite in urine is a conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline. The elimination half-life of lidocaine following an intravenous bolus injection is typically 1.5 to 2 hours. There are data that indicate that the half-life may be 3 hours or longer following infusions of greater than 24 hours. Because of the rapid rate at which lidocaine is metabolized, any condition that alters liver function, including changes in liver blood flow, which could result from severe congestive heart failure or shock, may alter lidocaine kinetics. The half-life may be two-fold or greater in patients with liver dysfunction. Renal dysfunction does not affect lidocaine kinetics, but may increase the accumulation of metabolites. Therapeutic effects of lidocaine are generally associated with plasma levels of 6 to 25��mole/L (1.5 to 6��g freebase per mL). The blood to plasma distribution ratio is approximately 0.84. Objective adverse manifestations become increasingly apparent with increasing plasma levels above 6��g freebase per mL. The plasma protein binding of lidocaine is dependent on drug concentration, and the fraction bound decreases with increasing concentration. At concentrations of 1 to 4��g freebase per mL, 60 to 80 percent of lidocaine is protein bound. In addition to lidocaine concentration, the binding is dependent on the plasma concentration of the��-1-acid glycoprotein. Lidocaine readily crosses the placental and blood-brain barriers. Dialysis has negligible effects on the kinetics of lidocaine.
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Xylocaine is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type. Xylocaine should not be used in patients with Stokes-Adams syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, or with severe degrees of sinoatrial, atrioventricular, or intraventricular block in the absence of an artificial pacemaker.
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For direct intravenous injection, Xylocaine (lidocaine HCl Injection, USP) without preservatives is supplied in the following dosage form: NDC 0186-0232-03 100 mg, 5 mL Ampule<br/>Storage:: Solution should be stored at controlled room temperature 15���30��C (59���86��F). All trademarks are the property of the AstraZeneca group ��AstraZeneca 2002 AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE 19850 721679-05 Rev. 08/02
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Overdosage of Xylocaine (lidocaine HCl Injection, USP) usually results in signs of central nervous system or cardiovascular toxicity. See ADVERSE REACTIONS. Should convulsions or signs of respiratory depression and arrest develop, the patency of the airway and adequacy of ventilation must be assured immediately. Should convulsions persist despite ventilatory therapy with oxygen, small increments of anticonvulsive agents may be given intravenously. Examples of such agents include a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam), an ultrashort-acting barbiturate (eg, thiopental or thiamylal), or a short-acting barbiturate (eg, pentobarbital or secobarbital). If the patient is under general anesthesia, a short-acting muscle relaxant (eg, succinylcholine) may be administered. Should circulatory depression occur, vasopressors may be used. Should cardiac arrest occur, standard CPR procedures should be instituted. Dialysis is of negligible value in the treatment of acute overdosage from Xylocaine.
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Lidocaine hydrochloride
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| dailymed-instance:fullName |
XYLOCAINE (Injection)
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| dailymed-instance:adverseRe... |
Adverse experiences following the administration of lidocaine are similar in nature to those observed with other amide local anesthetic agents. Adverse experiences may result from high plasma levels caused by excessive dosage or may result from a hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy or diminished tolerance on the part of the patient. Serious adverse experiences are generally systemic in nature. The following types are those most commonly reported. The adverse experiences under Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular System are listed, in general, in a progression from mild to severe.<br/>Central Nervous System:: CNS reactions are excitatory and/or depressant, and may be characterized by light-headedness, nervousness, apprehension, euphoria, confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, tinnitus, blurred or double vision, vomiting, sensations of heat, cold or numbness, twitching, tremors, convulsions, unconsciousness, respiratory depression and arrest. The excitatory reactions may be very brief or may not occur at all, in which case, the first manifestation of toxicity may be drowsiness, merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest.<br/>Cardiovascular System:: Cardiovascular reactions are usually depressant in nature and are characterized by bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse, which may lead to cardiac arrest. Allergic reactions as a result of sensitivity to lidocaine are extremely rare and, if they occur, should be managed by conventional means.
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IN ORDER TO MANAGE POSSIBLE ADVERSE REACTIONS, RESUSCITATIVE EQUIPMENT, OXYGEN AND OTHER RESUSCITATIVE DRUGS SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE WHEN XYLOCAINE (LIDOCAINE HCl INJECTION, USP) IS USED. Systemic toxicity may result in manifestations of central nervous system depression (sedation) or irritability (twitching), which may progress to frank convulsions accompanied by respiratory depression and/or arrest. Early recognition of premonitory signs, assurance of adequate oxygenation and, where necessary, establishment of artificial airway with ventilatory support are essential to management of this problem. Should convulsions persist despite ventilatory therapy with oxygen, small increments of anticonvulsant drugs may be used intravenously. Examples of such agents include benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam), ultrashort-acting barbiturates (eg, thiopental or thiamylal), or a short-acting barbiturate (eg, pentobarbital or secobarbital). If the patient is under anesthesia, a short-acting muscle relaxant (eg, succinylcholine) may be used. Longer-acting drugs should be used only when recurrent convulsions are evidenced. Should circulatory depression occur, vasopressors may be used. Constant electrocardiographic monitoring is essential to the proper administration of Xylocaine. Signs of excessive depression of cardiac electrical activity such as sinus node dysfunction, prolongation of the P-R interval and QRS complex or the appearance or aggravation of arrhythmias, should be followed by flow adjustment and, if necessary, prompt cessation of the intravenous infusion of this agent. Occasionally, acceleration of ventricular rate may occur when Xylocaine is administered to patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation.
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Xylocaine administered intravenously is specifically indicated in the acute management of ventricular arrhythmias such as those occurring in relation to acute myocardial infarction, or during cardiac manipulation, such as cardiac surgery.
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XYLOCAINE
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