Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/1003
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acyclovir (Capsule)
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Acute Treatment of Herpes Zoster: 800 mg every 4 hours orally, 5 times daily
for 7 to 10 days.<br/>Genital Herpes:<br/>Treatment of Initial Genital Herpes: 200 mg every
4 hours, 5 times daily for 10 days.<br/>Chronic Suppressive Therapy for Recurrent Disease: 400 mg 2 times
daily for up to 12 months, followed by re-evaluation. Alternative regimens
have included doses ranging from 200 mg 3 times daily to 200 mg
5 times daily. The frequency and severity of episodes
of untreated genital herpes may change over time. After 1 year of therapy,
the frequency and severity of the patient's genital herpes infection
should be re-evaluated to assess the need for continuation of therapy with
acyclovir.<br/>Intermittent Therapy: 200 mg every
4 hours, 5 times daily for 5 days. Therapy should be initiated
at the earliest sign or symptom (prodrome) of recurrence.<br/>Treatment of Chickenpox:<br/>Children (2 years of age and older): 20 mg/kg per dose orally
4 times daily (80 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Children over 40 kg
should receive the adult dose for chickenpox.<br/>Adults and Children over 40 kg: 800 mg 4 times
daily for 5 days. Intravenous acyclovir is indicated
for the treatment of varicella-zoster infections in immunocompromised patients. When
therapy is indicated, it should be initiated at the earliest sign or symptom
of chickenpox. There is no information about the efficacy of therapy initiated
more than 24 hours after onset of signs and symptoms.<br/>Patients With Acute or Chronic Renal Impairment: In patients with renal impairment, the dose of acyclovir should be modified as shown in Table 3:<br/>Hemodialysis: For patients who require hemodialysis, the mean plasma half-life
of acyclovir during hemodialysis is approximately 5 hours. This results
in a 60% decrease in plasma concentrations following a 6-hour dialysis period.
Therefore, the patient's dosing schedule should be adjusted so that
an additional dose is administered after each dialysis.<br/>Peritoneal Dialysis: No supplemental dose appears to be necessary after adjustment
of the dosing interval.
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| dailymed-instance:descripti... |
Acyclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analogue active against herpes viruses. Acyclovir capsule is a formulation for oral administration. Each capsule of acyclovir contains 200 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. The capsule shell consists of FD&C blue #1, gelatin and titanium dioxide. The capsule black imprinting ink contains the following inactive ingredients: ammonium hydroxide, black iron oxide, n-butyl, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol and shellac. Acyclovir is a white, crystalline powder with the molecular formula CHNOand a molecular weight of 225.2. The maximum solubility in water at 37��C is 2.5 mg/mL. The pka's of acyclovir are 2.27 and 9.25. The chemical name of acyclovir is 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6H-purin-6-one; it has the following structural formula:
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Pharmacokinetics: The pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after oral administration have been evaluated in healthy volunteers and in immunocompromised patients with herpes simplex or varicella-zoster virus infection. Acyclovir pharmacokinetic parameters are summarized in Table 1. *Bioavailability decreases with increasing
dose. In one multiple-dose, crossover study in healthy subjects (n = 23), it was shown that increases in plasma acyclovir concentrations were less than dose proportional with increasing dose, as shown in Table 2. The decrease in bioavailability is a function of the dose and not the dosage form. There was no effect of food on the absorption of acyclovir (n = 6); therefore, acyclovir capsules may be administered with or without food. The only known urinary metabolite is 9-[(carboxymethoxy)methyl]guanine.<br/>Special Populations:<br/>Adults with Impaired Renal Function: The half-life
and total body clearance of acyclovir are dependent on renal function. A dosage
adjustment is recommended for patients with reduced renal function (see DOSAGE
AND ADMINISTRATION).<br/>Geriatrics: Acyclovir plasma
concentrations are higher in geriatric patients compared to younger adults,
in part due to age-related changes in renal function. Dosage reduction may
be required in geriatric patients with underlying renal impairment (see PRECAUTIONS:
Geriatric Use).<br/>Pediatrics: In general, the
pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in pediatric patients is similar to that of
adults. Mean half-life after oral doses of 300 mg/mand 600 mg/min
pediatric patients aged 7 months to 7 years was 2.6 hours (range
1.59 to 3.74 hours).<br/>Drug Interactions: Coadministration of probenecid with intravenous acyclovir
has been shown to increase the mean acyclovir half-life and the area under
the concentration-time curve. Urinary excretion and renal clearance were correspondingly
reduced.<br/>Clinical Trials:<br/>Initial Genital Herpes: Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated that orally administered acyclovir significantly reduced the duration of acute infection and duration of lesion healing. The duration of pain and new lesion formation was decreased in some patient groups.<br/>Recurrent Genital Herpes: Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in patients with frequent recurrences (6 or more episodes per year) have shown that orally administered acyclovir given daily for 4 months to 10 years prevented or reduced the frequency and/or severity of recurrences in greater than 95% of patients. In a study of patients who received acyclovir 400 mg twice daily for 3 years, 45%, 52%, and 63% of patients remained free of recurrences in the first, second, and third years, respectively. Serial analyses of the 3-month recurrence rates for the patients showed that 71% to 87% were recurrence free in each quarter.<br/>Herpes Zoster Infections: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of immunocompetent patients with localized cutaneous zoster infection, acyclovir (800 mg 5 times daily for 10 days) shortened the times to lesion scabbing, healing, and complete cessation of pain, and reduced the duration of viral shedding and the duration of new lesion formation. In a similar double-blind, placebo-controlled study, acyclovir (800 mg 5 times daily for 7 days) shortened the times to complete lesion scabbing, healing, and cessation of pain; reduced the duration of new lesion formation; and reduced the prevalence of localized zoster-associated neurologic symptoms (paresthesia, dysesthesia, or hyperesthesia). Treatment was begun within 72 hours of rash onset and was most effective if started within the first 48 hours. Adults greater than 50 years of age showed greater benefit.<br/>Chickenpox: Three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were conducted in 993 pediatric patients aged 2 to 18 years with chickenpox. All patients were treated within 24 hours after the onset of rash. In 2 trials, acyclovir was administered at 20 mg/kg 4 times daily (up to 3,200 mg per day) for 5 days. In the third trial, doses of 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg were administered 4 times daily for 5 to 7 days. Treatment with acyclovir shortened the time to 50% healing; reduced the maximum number of lesions; reduced the median number of vesicles; decreased the median number of residual lesions on day 28; and decreased the proportion of patients with fever, anorexia, and lethargy by day 2. Treatment with acyclovir did not affect varicella-zoster virus-specific humoral or cellular immune responses at 1 month or 1 year following treatment.
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Acyclovir is contraindicated for patients who develop hypersensitivity to acyclovir or valacyclovir.
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Acyclovir Capsules USP 200 mg are available for oral administration as hard gelatin capsules with a white opaque body and an aqua blue opaque cap.���APO 042���is imprinted on each capsule in black ink. They are supplied as follows: Bottles of 100 (60505-0042-6) Bottles of 500 (60505-0042-5) Store at 20��to 25��C (68��to 77��F); excursions permitted to 15��to 30��C (59��to 86��F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature] and protect from moisture. Manufactured by: Manufactured for: Apotex Inc. Apotex Corp. Toronto, Ontario Weston, Florida Canada M9L 1T9 33326 Revised: December 2005 Rev. 4
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dailymed-ingredient:FD&C_Blue_No._1,
dailymed-ingredient:ammonium_hydroxide,
dailymed-ingredient:black_iron_oxide,
dailymed-ingredient:colloidal_silicon_dioxide,
dailymed-ingredient:croscarmellose_sodium,
dailymed-ingredient:ethyl_alcohol,
dailymed-ingredient:gelatin,
dailymed-ingredient:isopropyl_alcohol,
dailymed-ingredient:magnesium_stearate,
dailymed-ingredient:microcrystalline_cellulose,
dailymed-ingredient:n-butyl,
dailymed-ingredient:potassium_hydroxide,
dailymed-ingredient:propylene_glycol,
dailymed-ingredient:shellac,
dailymed-ingredient:titanium_dioxide
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| dailymed-instance:precautio... |
Dosage adjustment is recommended when administering acyclovir to patients with renal impairment (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Caution should also be exercised when administering acyclovir to patients receiving potentially nephrotoxic agents since this may increase the risk of renal dysfunction and/or the riskof reversible central nervous system symptoms such as those that have been reported in patients treated with intravenous acyclovir. Adequate hydration should be maintained.<br/>Information for Patients: Patients are instructed to consult with their physician
if they experience severe or troublesome adverse reactions, they become pregnant
or intend to become pregnant, they intend to breastfeed while taking orally
administered acyclovir, or they have any other questions. Patients
should be advised to maintain adequate hydration.<br/>Herpes Zoster: There are no data on treatment initiated more than 72 hours
after onset of the zoster rash. Patients should be advised to initiate treatment
as soon as possible after a diagnosis of herpes zoster.<br/>Genital Herpes Infections: Patients should be informed that acyclovir is not a cure for
genital herpes. There are no data evaluating whether acyclovir will prevent
transmission of infection to others. Because genital herpes is a sexually
transmitted disease, patients should avoid contact with lesions or intercourse
when lesions and/or symptoms are present to avoid infecting partners. Genital
herpes can also be transmitted in the absence of symptoms through asymptomatic
viral shedding. If medical management of a genital herpes recurrence is indicated,
patients should be advised to initiate therapy at the first sign or symptom
of an episode.<br/>Chickenpox: Chickenpox in otherwise healthy children is usually a self-limited
disease of mild to moderate severity. Adolescents and adults tend to have
more severe disease. Treatment was initiated within 24 hours of the typical
chickenpox rash in the controlled studies, and there is no information regarding
the effects of treatment begun later in thedisease course.<br/>Drug Interactions: See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics.<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: The data presented below include references to peak steady-state
plasma acyclovir concentrations observed in humans treated with 800 mg
given orally 5 times a day (dosing appropriate for treatment of herpes
zoster) or 200 mg given orally 5 times a day (dosing appropriate
for treatment of genital herpes). Plasma drug concentrations in animal studies
are expressed as multiples of human exposure to acyclovir at the higher and
lower dosing schedules (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics). Acyclovir
was tested in lifetime bioassays in rats and mice at single daily doses of
up to 450 mg/kg administered by gavage. There was no statistically significant
difference in the incidence of tumors between treated and control animals,
nor did acyclovir shorten the latency of tumors. Maximum plasma concentrations
were 3 to 6 times human levels in the mouse bioassay and 1 to 2 times
human levels in the rat bioassay. Acyclovir was tested
in 16 in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicity assays. Acyclovir was positive
in 5 of the assays. Acyclovir did not impair fertility
or reproduction in mice (450 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or in rats (25 mg/kg/day,
s.c.). In the mouse study, plasma levels were 9 to 18 times human levels,
while in the rat study, they were 8 to 15 times human levels. At higher
doses (50 mg/kg/day, s.c.) in rats and rabbits (11 to 22 and 16 to 31 times
human levels, respectively) implantation efficacy, but not litter size, was
decreased. In a rat peri- and post-natal study at 50 mg/kg/day, s.c.,
there was a statistically significant decrease in group mean numbers of corpora
lutea, total implantation sites, and livefetuses. No
testicular abnormalities were seen in dogs given 50 mg/kg/day, IV for
1 month (21 to 41 times human levels) or in dogs given 60 mg/kg/day
orally for 1 year (6 to 12 times human levels). Testicular atrophy
and aspermatogenesis were observed in rats and dogs at higher dose levels.<br/>Pregnancy:<br/>Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category
B. Acyclovir administered during organogenesis was not teratogenic in the
mouse (450 mg/kg/day, p.o.), rabbit (50 mg/kg/day, s.c. and IV),
or rat (50 mg/kg/day, s.c.). These exposures resulted in plasma levels
9 and 18, 16 and 106, and 11 and 22 times, respectively, human levels. There are no adequate and
well-controlled studies in pregnant women. A prospective epidemiologic registry
of acyclovir use during pregnancy was established in 1984 and completed in
April 1999. There were 749 pregnancies followed in women exposed to systemic
acyclovir during the first trimester of pregnancy resulting in 756 outcomes.
The occurrence rate of birth defects approximates that found in the general
population. However, the small size of the registry is insufficient to evaluate
the risk for less common defects or to permit reliable or definitive conclusions
regarding the safety of acyclovir in pregnant women and their developing fetuses.
Acyclovir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies
the potential risk to the fetus.<br/>Nursing Mothers: Acyclovir concentrations have been documented in breast milk in 2 women following oral administration of acyclovir and ranged from 0.6 to 4.1 times corresponding plasma levels. These concentrations would potentially expose the nursing infant to a dose of acyclovir up to 0.3 mg/kg/day. Acyclovir should be administered to a nursing mother with caution and only when indicated.<br/>Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness of oral formulations of acyclovir
in pediatric patients younger than 2 years of age have not been established.<br/>Geriatric Use: Of 376 subjects who received acyclovir in a clinical study
of herpes zoster treatment in immunocompetent subjects���50 years
of age, 244 were 65 and over while 111 were 75 and over. No overall differences
in effectiveness for time to cessation of new lesion formation or time to
healing were reported between geriatric subjects and younger adult subjects.
The duration of pain after healing was longer in patients 65 and over. Nausea,
vomiting, and dizziness were reported more frequently in elderlysubjects.
Elderly patients are more likely to have reduced renal function and require
dose reduction. Elderly patients are also more likely to have renal or CNS
adverse events. With respect to CNS adverse events observed during clinical
practice, somnolence, hallucinations, confusion, and coma were reported more
frequently in elderly patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, ADVERSE REACTIONS:
Observed During Clinical Practice, and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
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| dailymed-instance:overdosag... |
Overdoses involving ingestion of up to 100 capsules
(20 g) have been reported. Adverse events that have been reported in
association with overdosage include agitation, coma, seizures, and lethargy.
Precipitation of acyclovir in renal tubules may occur when the solubility
(2.5 mg/mL) is exceeded in the intratubular fluid. Overdosage has been
reported following bolus injections or inappropriately high doses and in patients
whose fluid and electrolyte balance were not properly monitored. This has
resulted in elevated BUN and serum creatinine and subsequent renal failure.
In the event of acute renal failure and anuria, the patient may benefit from
hemodialysis until renal functionis restored (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
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acyclovir
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acyclovir (Capsule)
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| dailymed-instance:adverseRe... |
Herpes Simplex:<br/>Short-Term Administration: The most frequent
adverse events reported during clinical trials of treatment of genital herpes
with acyclovir 200 mg administered orally 5 times daily every 4 hours
for 10 days were nausea and/or vomiting in 8 of 298 patient treatments
(2.7%). Nausea and/or vomiting occurred in 2 of 287 (0.7%) patients who received
placebo.<br/>Long-Term Administration: The most frequent
adverse events reported in a clinical trial for the prevention of recurrences
with continuous administration of 400 mg (two 200-mg capsules) 2 times
daily for 1 year in 586 patients treated with acyclovir were nausea
(4.8%) and diarrhea (2.4%). The 589 control patients receiving intermittent
treatment of recurrences with acyclovir for 1 year reported diarrhea (2.7%),
nausea (2.4%), and headache (2.2%).<br/>Herpes Zoster: The most frequent adverse event reported during 3 clinical
trials of treatment of herpes zoster (shingles) with 800 mg of oral acyclovir
5 times daily for 7 to 10 days in 323 patients was malaise
(11.5%). The 323 placebo recipients reported malaise (11.1%).<br/>Chickenpox: The most frequent adverse event reported during 3 clinical
trials of treatment of chickenpox with oral acyclovir at doses of 10 to 20 mg/kg
4 times daily for 5 to 7 days or 800 mg 4 times daily
for 5 days in 495 patients was diarrhea (3.2%). The 498 patients
receiving placebo reported diarrhea (2.2%).<br/>Observed During Clinical Practice: In addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials,
the following events have been identified during post-approval use of acyclovir.
Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates
of frequency cannot be made. These events have been chosen for inclusion due
to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, potential causal connection
to acyclovir, or a combination of these factors.<br/>General: Anaphylaxis, angioedema,
fever, headache, pain, peripheral edema.<br/>Nervous: Aggressive behavior,
agitation, ataxia, coma,confusion, decreased
consciousness, delirium, dizziness, dysarthria, encephalopathy, hallucinations,
paresthesia, psychosis, seizure, somnolence, tremors. These symptoms may be
marked, particularly in older adults or in patients with renal impairment
(see PRECAUTIONS).<br/>Digestive: Diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, nausea.<br/>Hematologic and Lymphatic: Anemia, leukocytoclastic
vasculitis, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia.<br/>Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas: Elevated liver function tests, hepatitis, hyperbilirubinemia,
jaundice.<br/>Musculoskeletal: Myalgia.<br/>Skin: Alopecia, erythema multiforme,
photosensitive rash, pruritus, rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal
necrolysis, urticaria.<br/>Special Senses: Visual abnormalities.<br/>Urogenital: Renal failure, elevated blood urea nitrogen, elevated creatinine,
hematuria (see WARNINGS).
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| dailymed-instance:warning |
Acyclovir capsule is intended for oral ingestion only. Renal failure, in some cases resulting in death, has been observed with acyclovir therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS: Observed During Clinical Practice and OVERDOSAGE). Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS), which has resulted in death, has occurred in immunocompromised patients receiving acyclovir therapy.
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| dailymed-instance:indicatio... |
Herpes Zoster Infections: Acyclovir capsule is indicated for the acute treatment of herpes zoster (shingles).<br/>Genital Herpes: Acyclovir capsule is indicated for the treatment of initial episodes and the management of recurrent episodes of genital herpes.<br/>Chickenpox: Acyclovir capsule is indicated for the treatment of chickenpox (varicella).
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| dailymed-instance:name |
acyclovir
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