| pubmed-article:9770537 | rdf:type | pubmed:Citation | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0001483 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0028778 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0012854 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1514562 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0056912 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1519249 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0439662 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1879547 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:issue | 21 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:dateCreated | 1998-11-12 | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:abstractText | Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in particular base contexts (CpG-S motifs) are relatively common in bacterial DNA but are rare in vertebrate DNA. B cells and monocytes have the ability to detect such CpG-S motifs that trigger innate immune defenses with production of Th1-like cytokines. Despite comparable levels of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, DNA from serotype 12 adenovirus is immune-stimulatory, but serotype 2 is nonstimulatory and can even inhibit activation by bacterial DNA. In type 12 genomes, the distribution of CpG-flanking bases is similar to that predicted by chance. However, in type 2 adenoviral DNA the immune stimulatory CpG-S motifs are outnumbered by a 15- to 30-fold excess of CpG dinucleotides in clusters of direct repeats or with a C on the 5' side or a G on the 3' side. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing these putative neutralizing (CpG-N) motifs block immune activation by CpG-S motifs in vitro and in vivo. Eliminating 52 of the 134 CpG-N motifs present in a DNA vaccine markedly enhanced its Th1-like function in vivo, which was increased further by the addition of CpG-S motifs. Thus, depending on the CpG motif, prokaryotic DNA can be either immune-stimulatory or neutralizing. These results have important implications for understanding microbial pathogenesis and molecular evolution and for the clinical development of DNA vaccines and gene therapy vectors. | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:language | eng | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:journal | http://linkedlifedata.com/r... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:citationSubset | IM | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:status | MEDLINE | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:month | Oct | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:issn | 0027-8424 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:YangLL | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:ShorrBB | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:WuTT | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:DavisH LHL | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:KriegA MAM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:Love-HomanLL | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:WeeratnaRR | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:YiA KAK | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:EflerS MSM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:issnType | Print | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:day | 13 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:volume | 95 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:owner | NLM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:authorsComplete | Y | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:pagination | 12631-6 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:dateRevised | 2009-11-18 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:9770537-... | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:9770537 | pubmed:meshHeading | pubmed-meshheading:9770537-... | lld:pubmed |
