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pubmed-article:19498163pubmed:abstractTextSince Darwin, intergroup hostilities have figured prominently in explanations of the evolution of human social behavior. Yet whether ancestral humans were largely "peaceful" or "warlike" remains controversial. I ask a more precise question: If more cooperative groups were more likely to prevail in conflicts with other groups, was the level of intergroup violence sufficient to influence the evolution of human social behavior? Using a model of the evolutionary impact of between-group competition and a new data set that combines archaeological evidence on causes of death during the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene with ethnographic and historical reports on hunter-gatherer populations, I find that the estimated level of mortality in intergroup conflicts would have had substantial effects, allowing the proliferation of group-beneficial behaviors that were quite costly to the individual altruist.lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:19498163pubmed:year2009lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:19498163pubmed:articleTitleDid warfare among ancestral hunter-gatherers affect the evolution of human social behaviors?lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:19498163pubmed:affiliationSanta Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. samuel.bowles@gmail.comlld:pubmed
pubmed-article:19498163pubmed:publicationTypeJournal Articlelld:pubmed
pubmed-article:19498163pubmed:publicationTypeResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.lld:pubmed
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