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pubmed-article:16044460pubmed:abstractTextSalting-out of proteins was discovered in the nineteenth century and is widely used for protein separation and crystallization. It is generally believed that salting-out occurs because at high concentrations salts and the protein compete for solvation water. Debye and Kirkwood suggested ideas for explaining salting-out (Debeye and MacAulay, Physik Z; 1925;131:22-29; Kirkwood, In: Proteins, amino acids and peptides as ions and dipolar ions. New York: Reinhold; 1943. p 586-622). However, a quantitative theory has not been developed, and such a theory is presented here. It is built on Kirkwood's idea that a salt ion has a repulsive interaction with an image charge inside a low dielectric cavity. Explicit treatment is given for the effect of other salt ions on the interaction between a salt ion and its image charge. When combined with the Debye-Hückel effect of salts on the solvation energy of protein charges (i.e., salting-in), the characteristic curve of protein solubility versus salt concentration is obtained. The theory yields a direct link between the salting-out effect and surface tension and is able to provide rationalizations for the effects of salt on the folding stability of several proteins.lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:16044460pubmed:authorpubmed-author:ZhouHuan-Xian...lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:16044460pubmed:dateRevised2008-11-21lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:16044460pubmed:articleTitleInteractions of macromolecules with salt ions: an electrostatic theory for the Hofmeister effect.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:16044460pubmed:affiliationDepartment of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics and School of Computational Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306, USA. zhou@sb.fsu.edulld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:16044460pubmed:publicationTypeResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:16044460pubmed:publicationTypeResearch Support, N.I.H., Extramurallld:pubmed
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