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pubmed-article:9374036pubmed:abstractTextThe sphingomyelin pathway is a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved signaling system initiated by hydrolysis of the plasma membrane phospholipid sphingomyelin to generate ceramide. Ceramide acts as a second messenger in activating the apoptotic cascade. Diverse cytokine receptors and environmental stresses utilize ceramide to signal apoptosis. In several cell systems ceramide links to the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-jun kinase (JNK) cascade to signal apoptosis. The engagement of the sphingomyelin pathway in signaling apoptosis is tightly regulated by anti-apoptotic control mechanisms, and the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic systems determines the magnitude of the apoptotic response in vitro and in vivo. This review describes the known elements and molecular ordering of ceramide-mediated apoptosis and the anti-apoptotic mechanisms that regulate its expression. Understanding of pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling involved in ceramide-mediated apoptosis and the modes of their co-ordinated function may yield opportunities for pharmacological interventions with potential for clinical applications.lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:9374036pubmed:dateRevised2007-11-14lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:9374036pubmed:articleTitleCeramide signaling in apoptosis.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:9374036pubmed:affiliationDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:9374036pubmed:publicationTypeJournal Articlelld:pubmed
pubmed-article:9374036pubmed:publicationTypeResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.lld:pubmed
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