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pubmed-article:20976142pubmed:abstractTextDopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) is a well-known catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in multiple physiological functions including movement control. Here we report that the major extracellular metabolite of dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), can induce behavioral effects in a dopamine-independent manner and these effects are partially mediated by the trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Unbiased in vivo screening of putative trace amine receptor ligands for potential effects on the movement control revealed that 3-MT infused in the brain is able to induce a complex set of abnormal involuntary movements in mice acutely depleted of dopamine. In normal mice, the central administration of 3-MT caused a temporary mild hyperactivity with a concomitant set of abnormal movements. Furthermore, 3-MT induced significant ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the mouse striatum, signaling events generally related to PKA-mediated cAMP accumulation. In mice lacking TAAR1, both behavioral and signaling effects of 3-MT were partially attenuated, consistent with the ability of 3-MT to activate TAAR1 receptors and cause cAMP accumulation as well as ERK and CREB phosphorylation in cellular assays. Thus, 3-MT is not just an inactive metabolite of DA, but a novel neuromodulator that in certain situations may be involved in movement control. Further characterization of the physiological functions mediated by 3-MT may advance understanding of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of brain disorders involving abnormal dopaminergic transmission, such as Parkinson's disease, dyskinesia and schizophrenia.lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:20976142pubmed:dateRevised2011-3-8lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:20976142pubmed:year2010lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:20976142pubmed:articleTitleThe dopamine metabolite 3-methoxytyramine is a neuromodulator.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:20976142pubmed:affiliationDepartment of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:20976142pubmed:publicationTypeJournal Articlelld:pubmed
pubmed-article:20976142pubmed:publicationTypeResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tlld:pubmed
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