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pubmed-article:15941572pubmed:abstractTextTo investigate the immune-mediated response in TS, and its relationship with streptococcal infection, we measured serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin in patients with TS, compared to healthy and diseased controls. Soluble VCAM-1 and sE-selectin were significantly elevated in children and adults with TS, and sVCAM-1 was higher among anti-basal ganglia antibodies (ABGA)-positive adults with TS. No correlation of adhesion molecule levels to clinical severity or anti-streptococcal antibodies was observed. Children with Sydenham's chorea and paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) showed an increased level of sICAM-1, but not sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin. These results provide initial evidence for a role of adhesion molecules and systemic inflammation in TS, and support the hypothesis of an ongoing immune-mediated process in this condition.lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:15941572pubmed:dateRevised2007-5-24lld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:15941572pubmed:articleTitleSoluble adhesion molecules in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.lld:pubmed
pubmed-article:15941572pubmed:affiliationNeuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. davidemartino@virgilio.itlld:pubmed
pubmed-article:15941572pubmed:publicationTypeJournal Articlelld:pubmed
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pubmed-article:15941572pubmed:publicationTypeResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tlld:pubmed
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