| pubmed-article:12697896 | rdf:type | pubmed:Citation | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1705358 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0242633 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1540292 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1425745 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1705357 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C1423842 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | lifeskim:mentions | umls-concept:C0851285 | lld:lifeskim |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:issue | 9 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:dateCreated | 2003-4-30 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:abstractText | PD-L1 and PD-L2 are ligands for PD-1, a costimulatory molecule that plays an inhibitory role in regulating T cell activation in the periphery. We find that PD-L1 is highly expressed on inflammatory macrophages as compared with resident peritoneal macrophages but can be induced on resident macrophages by classical activation stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, IFN-gamma, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Further up-regulation of PD-L1 on inflammatory macrophages can also be induced by subsequent exposure to lipopolysaccharide and IFN-gamma. In contrast, PD-L2 is not expressed on inflammatory macrophages but can be induced by alternative activation via IL-4. Although PD-L1 is highly inducible on a variety of antigen-presenting cell lines as well as resident macrophages, PD-L2 is most significantly inducible only on inflammatory macrophages. PD-L1 up-regulation depends on TLR4 and STAT1, whereas PD-L2 expression depends on IL-4R alpha and STAT6. Consistent with these results, T helper 1T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) cells also differentially up-regulate PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression on inflammatory macrophages. Hence, Th1 cells as well as microbial products can enhance PD-L1 expression on many different macrophage populations, whereas Th2 cells instruct only inflammatory macrophages to up-regulate PD-L2. These results suggest that PD-L1 and PD-L2 might have different functions in regulating type 1 and type 2 responses. | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:language | eng | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:citationSubset | IM | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:status | MEDLINE | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:month | Apr | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:issn | 0027-8424 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:AllisonJames... | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:author | pubmed-author:LokeP'ngP | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:issnType | Print | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:day | 29 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:volume | 100 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:owner | NLM | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:authorsComplete | Y | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:pagination | 5336-41 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:dateRevised | 2011-11-17 | lld:pubmed |
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| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:year | 2003 | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:articleTitle | PD-L1 and PD-L2 are differentially regulated by Th1 and Th2 cells. | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:affiliation | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:publicationType | Journal Article | lld:pubmed |
| pubmed-article:12697896 | pubmed:publicationType | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | lld:pubmed |
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