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Authored: Shamovsky, V, 2009-12-16,
C-Jun NH2 terminal kinases (JNKs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases, that belong to mitogen activated protein kinase family (MAPKs - also known as stress-activated protein kinases, SAPKs). The JNK pathway is activated by heat shock, or inflammatory cytokines, or UV radiation. <p>The JNKs are encoded by at least three genes: JNK1/SAPK-gamma, JNK2/SAPK-alpha and JNK3/ SAPK-beta. The first two are ubiquitously expressed, whereas the JNK3 protein is found mainly in brain and to a lesser extent in heart and testes. As a result of alternative gene splicing all cells express distinct active forms of JNK from 46 to 55 kDa in size. Sequence alignment of these different products shows homologies of >80%. In spite of this similarity, the multiple JNK isoforms differ in their ability to bind and phosphorylate different target proteins, thus leading to the distinctive cellular processes: the induction of apoptosis, or enhancing cell survival, or proliferation.<p>Activation of JNKs is mediated by activated TAK1 which phosphorylates two dual specificity enzymes MKK4 (MAPK kinase 4) and MKK7(MAPK kinase 7).,
Edited: Shamovsky, V, 2010-02-27,
Reviewed: Gillespie, ME, 2010-02-27
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| biopax3:xref |
http://identifiers.org/pubmed/11460167,
http://identifiers.org/pubmed/13130464,
http://identifiers.org/pubmed/15837794,
http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16937364,
http://identifiers.org/pubmed/8177321,
http://identifiers.org/pubmed/9851932,
urn:biopax:RelationshipXref:GENE ONTOLOGY_GO:0007254,
urn:biopax:UnificationXref:REACTOME DATABASE ID_450321,
urn:biopax:UnificationXref:REACTOME_REACT_21368_2
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| biopax3:displayName |
JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1
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