. "Reviewed: Peng, C, 2011-08-24"^^ . "Authored: May, B, 2011-02-13"^^ . "Edited: May, B, 2011-02-13"^^ . "SMAD2 and SMAD3 do not bind DNA efficiently. They must interact with DNA-binding proteins to activate transcription. FOXH1 interacts with phospho-SMAD2 and phospho-SMAD3 complexed with CO-SMAD (SMAD4) at promoters containing the Activin Response Element (Zhou et al. 1998, Yanagisawa et al. 2000)."^^ . . . . . . . "Phospho R-SMAD(SMAD2/3):CO-SMAD(SMAD4):FOXH1 Binds Activin Response Element"^^ . . . . .