. "Edited: Shamovsky, V, 2010-11-15"^^ . "Authored: Shamovsky, V, 2010-06-01"^^ . "Reviewed: Gillespie, ME, 2010-10-29"^^ . "Both IRAK1 and IRAK4 were shown to phosphorylate Pellino isoforms in vitro. The phosphorylation of Pellino proteins is a necessary step in enhancing of their E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. It remains unclear whether IRAK1(as shown here), IRAK4, or both protein kinases mediate the activation of Pellino isoforms in vivo."^^ . . . . . . . . "IRAK1 phosphorylates Pellino upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation"^^ . . . . .