. "AIM: To confirm the presence of recombination, full-length hepatitis B virus (HBV) from chronic patients was sequenced and analyzed. METHODS: Full-length HBV genomes from 12 patients were amplified and sequenced in an automated sequencer. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on full-length, Core and preS2/Surface regions using MEGA software. SimPlot Boot Scanning and amino acid sequence analysis were performed for confirmation of recombination. RESULTS: Eight patients were infected with genotype D strain; one patient with genotype A and three patients had genotype A and D recombination; two of them had cirrhosis and one had hepatocellular carcinoma. Phylogenetic analysis of core and preS2/surface regions separately showed evidence of genotype A and D recombination. The breakpoints of recombination were found to be at the start of preS2 and at the end of surface coding regions. CONCLUSION: We identified and characterized recombinant A and D genotype HBV in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients." . . "World J. Gastroenterol." . "Kumar M." . "Chauhan R." . "Kazim S.N." . "Sarin S.K." . "Krishnamoorthy N." . "Bhattacharjee J." . "2008"^^ . "6228-6236" . "Identification and characterization of genotype A and D recombinant hepatitis B virus from Indian chronic HBV isolates." . "14" . "doi:10.3748/wjg.14.6228" .