. "Chromosome 19 has the highest gene density of all human chromosomes, more than double the genome-wide average. The large clustered gene families, corresponding high G + C content, CpG islands and density of repetitive DNA indicate a chromosome rich in biological and evolutionary significance. Here we describe 55.8 million base pairs of highly accurate finished sequence representing 99.9% of the euchromatin portion of the chromosome. Manual curation of gene loci reveals 1,461 protein-coding genes and 321 pseudogenes. Among these are genes directly implicated in mendelian disorders, including familial hypercholesterolaemia and insulin-resistant diabetes. Nearly one-quarter of these genes belong to tandemly arranged families, encompassing more than 25% of the chromosome. Comparative analyses show a fascinating picture of conservation and divergence, revealing large blocks of gene orthology with rodents, scattered regions with more recent gene family expansions and deletions, and segments of coding and non-coding conservation with the distant fish species Takifugu." . . "Nature" . "Wagner M." . "Gordon D." . "Hawkins T." . "Tsai M." . "Lamerdin J.E." . "Olsen A.S." . "Carrano A.V." . "Huang W." . "Wu K." . "Yang J." . "Altherr M." . "Garcia C." . "Larionov V." . "Kobayashi A." . "Ramirez L." . "Gomez M." . "Gonzales E." . "Nelson K." . "Rubin E.M." . "Myers R.M." . "Medina C." . "Smith D." . "Leem S.-H." . "Rodriguez A." . "Stubbs L." . "Lopez F." . "Christensen M." . "Rogers S." . "Black S." . "Morgan J." . "Richardson P." . "Terry A." . "Solovyev V." . "Eichler E.E." . "Martinez D." . "Xie G." . "Pennacchio L.A." . "Branscomb E." . "Detter J.C." . "DeJong P." . "Ashworth L." . "Gordon L.A." . "Flowers D." . "Lucas S.M." . "Chan Y.M." . "Nolan M." . "Grimwood J." . "Furey T.S." . "Vo N." . "Pollard M." . "Schmutz J." . "Dickson M." . "Lou Y." . "Georgescu A.M." . "Jett J." . "Salazar A." . "Dehal P." . "Rash S." . "Predki P." . "She X." . "Couronne O." . "Dubchak I." . "Ho I." . "Glavina T." . "Rokhsar D.S." . "Ovcharenko I." . "Malfatti S." . "Popkie A.P." . "Quan G." . "Wheeler J." . "Hellsten U." . "Goodstein D." . "Tran-Gyamfi M." . "Aerts A." . "Bajorek E." . "Caenepeel S." . "Caoile C." . "Cleland C.A." . "Copeland A." . "Dalin E." . "Denys M." . "Escobar J." . "Fotopulos D." . "Groza M." . "Hammon N." . "Haydu L." . "Israni S." . "Kadner K." . "Kimball H." . "Lowry S." . "McCready P.M." . "Pitluck S." . "Retterer J." . "Salamov A." . "Slezak T." . "Thayer N." . "Tice H." . "Ustaszewska A." . "2004"^^ . "529-535" . "The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19." . "428" . "doi:10.1038/nature02399" .