. . . . . . . "HIV-1 Tat (amino acids 36-39) binds tubulin alpha/beta dimers and polymerized microtubules leading to the alteration of microtubule dynamics and activation of a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway that is facilitated by the Bcl-2 relative Bim" . "HIV-1 Tat (specifically, amino acids 38-72), enhances tubulin polymerization and triggers the mitochondrial pathway to induce T cell apoptosis as shown in vitro by the release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria" . "HIV-1 Tat causes a dramatic decrease in alpha-tubulin staining, which indicates disruption of the cytoskeleton organization in human intestinal epithelial cells" . "disrupts" . "binds" . "enhances polymerization of" .