. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "HIV-1 Tat in combination with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha increases CXCL10 mRNA and protein in human astrocytes through the activation of the p38, Jnk, and Akt signaling pathways and their downstream transcription factors, NF-kappaB and STAT-1alpha" . "Recombinant CD40L synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to increase TNF-alpha release from primary human monocytes and microglia in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. This synergism is attributed to a Tat-mediated up-regulation of CD40" . "IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma synergize with HIV-1 Tat to promote in nude mice the development of angioproliferative Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions" . "HIV-1 Tat increases CXCL10 expression in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha stimulated human astrocytes via NADPH oxidase" . "Sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG) significantly reverses HIV-1 Tat-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in THP-1 cells" . "Over-expression of PPARalpha or PPARgamma attenuates Tat-induced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CCL2, and E-selectin" . "HIV-1 Tat- and oxovanadate-treated microglial cells synergistically induce release of TNF-a and IL-1\u009D proteins, which involves CD45 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways" . "Treatment of T lymphocytes with IL-2, IL-6 and TNFalpha increases CDK9 and cyclin T1 protein levels, suggesting a mechanism for activation of HIV-1 Tat function and reactivation of HIV-1 in CD4+ T lymphocytes harboring a latent provirus" . "HIV-1 Tat significantly decreases TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion but increases IL-4 levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells" . "Monocytes treated with HIV-1 clade B Tat show significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, as compared to clade C Tat-treated cultures" . "HIV-1 Tat inhibits CpG-A-induced secretion of TNF-a, IL-6, and IP-10 proteins in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and PBMCs" . "Wild-type Tat but not Cys-22 and oxidized Tat induces CD1A-expressing monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) maturation and increases the production of cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-12, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta" . "Exogenous Nef and TNF-alpha synergistically activate NF-kappaB and AP-1 resulting in enhancing HIV-1 Tat transactivation of the LTR and viral replication in both chronically infected promonocytic cells and acutely infected primary macrophages" . "HIV-1 Tat cooperates with Puralpha, cyclin T1, and CDK9 to activate the TNFalpha promoter and upregulate TNFalpha expression" . "HIV-1 Tat upregulates tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression, an effect mediated in U937 cells through the inhibition of CD26" . "Upregulation of TNF-alpha by HIV-1 Tat leads to activation of NF-kappa B, leading to NF-kappa B induced activation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter" . "HIV-1 Tat synergizes with TNF-alpha to enhance IL-6 secretion and activate human central nervous system-derived endothelial cells" . "Upregulation of TNF-alpha by HIV-1 Tat is implicated in the toxic effects of Tat, including neuronal death and astroglial dysfunction" . "HIV-1 Tat interacts with TNF-alpha to potentiate NF-kappa B activation by downregulation of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)" . "HIV-1 Tat synergizes with TNF-alpha to induce the expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1" . "induction of TNF-alpha by HIV-1 Tat requires activation of NF-kappa B and also involves protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, MAPK, and release of calcium from inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor-regulated stores" . "HIV-1 Tat interacts with TNF-alpha to induce monocyte metalloproteinase-9 production" . "HIV-1 Tat and TNF-alpha interact additively in upregulating IL-8 production" . "HIV-1 Tat inhibits TNF-alpha-induced repression of tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 and amplifies TNF-alpha activity in stably tat-transfected HeLa cells" . "HIV-1 Tat and TNF-alpha synergistically activate the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells" . "HIV-1 Tat-induced calcium mobilization and TNF-alpha production in primary human monocytes are entirely regulated by DHP receptors" . "HIV-1 Tat from subtype E virus isolates inhibits TNF gene transcription and protein production in CD4(+) Jurkat T cells, and this repression is associated with the tryptophan at residue 32 of Tat" . "HIV-1 Tat-mediated stimulation of TNF-alpha production through the activation of PKC beta(II) and delta isoforms requires p38 MAP kinase, ERK1/2 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB transcription factor in human macrophages" . "inhibits" . "downregulates" . "interacts with" . "regulated by" . "upregulates" . "induces release of" . "synergizes with" . "activated by" .