. . . . . . . . . . . . "Cell-permeable SOD inhibits the activation of MAP kinases including ERK, JNK and p38 and the upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by HIV-1 Tat" . "Treatment of astrocytes with cell-permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) leads to a decrease in Tat-induced ROS generation and NF-kappaB activation" . "The membrane transduction efficiencies and biological activities of the SOD protein are enhanced by fusing with the Tat protein transduction domain (PTD) at both termini" . "HIV-1 Tat reduces the expression of MnSOD in several cell types" . "HIV-1 Tat downregulates the expression of Mn-SOD, an effect that potentiates TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation and that requires the C-terminus (amino acids 72-86) of Tat" . "HIV-1 Tat inhibits Tip60 histone-acetyltransferase activity and abolishes Tip60-dependent transcriptional activity of the Mn-SOD promoter, resulting in downregulation of Mn-SOD" . "HIV-1 Tat downregulates SOD2 expression by interacting with Sp1 and Sp3 to increase the Sp3-containing complexes on the basal SOD2 promoter" . "downregulates" . "inhibited by" . "enhances" .