. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The activation of Nef-associated kinase (NAK; also known as p21-activated kinase 1 or PAK1) by HIV-1 Nef is via the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1, suggesting an interaction between Nef and these GTPases" . "A cellular serine kinase is found to specifically associate with HIV-1 Nef; proteins of 62 kDa and 72 kDa, which coimmunoprecipitated with Nef, are phosphorylated in in vitro kinase assays" . "The association of HIV-1 Nef with the cellular serine kinase PAK enhances efficient proviral DNA synthesis and virion infectivity" . "HIV-1 Nef-mediated activation of a PAK-related kinase correlates with the induction of high virus loads and the development of AIDS in infected rhesus macaques" . "HIV-1 Nef binding and activation of the PAK-related kinase and phosphorylation of its substrate (a complex composed of PIX and p95) are readily detected in both infected primary T lymphocytes and macrophages" . "HIV-1 Nef-mediated p21-activated kinase (PAK) activation involves the binding of Nef and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)" . "The mutation of all four glutamates (amino acids 62-65) to alanine in HIV-1 Nef impairs the ability of Nef to regulate p21-activated protein kinase and enhance viral particle infectivity" . "HIV-1 Nef mutants LLAA and delta12-39 significantly impairs downregulation of CD4. Nef LLAA mutant fails to interact with the endocytic machinery and Nef delta12-39 mutant lacks the interaction with the Nef-associated kinase complex" . "interacts with" . "associates with" . "activates" .