. . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Wild-type Tat but not Cys-22 and oxidized Tat induces CD1A-expressing monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) maturation and increases the production of cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-12, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta" . "HIV-1 Tat enhances the NFkappaB activity and promotes the transcriptional activation of MIP-1alpha by interacting with IkappaB-alpha and p65 RelA" . "HIV-1 Tat upregulates MIP-1alpha expression in microglia, MDDC, and T and B cell lines, an effect that suggests Tat plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV encephalitis and AIDS associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)" . "HIV-1 Tat downregulates MIP-1alpha expression in Jurkat T-cells by inducing MNP-1" . "downregulates" . "upregulates" . "activates" .