. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "CDK9 is involved in Tat-induced MCP-1/CCL2 gene expression in human astrocytes" . "Over-expression of PPARalpha or PPARgamma attenuates Tat-induced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CCL2, and E-selectin" . "HIV-1 Tat downregulates the expression of adiponectin protein and upregulates the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 proteins in human SGBS preadipocytes" . "The C-terminal MH2 domain of Smad3 can decrease the levels of HIV-1 Tat-induced activation of MCP-1 in astrocytic cells" . "The endogenous PPARgamma ligand 15d-PGJ2 inhibits HIV-1 Tat-induced MCP-1 production in human microglia-like cells" . "HIV-1 Tat upregulates MCP-1 expression, an effect that may contribute to the pathogenesis of Tat associated with AIDS dementia" . "HIV-1 Tat is a competitive inhibitor of MCP-1 binding to CCR2" . "Upregulation of MCP-1 by HIV-1 Tat is mediated at the transcriptional level and is regulated, at least in part, by NF-kappa B, AP1, Sp1, protein kinase C and PI3 kinase" . "Upregulation of MCP-1 by HIV-1 Tat in astrocytes is inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor UO126, indicating a role for MEK1/2 in Tat-mediated chemokine induction" . "MCP-1 and RANTES have been shown to inhibit Tat-induced apoptosis of mixed cultures of human neurons and astrocytes" . "Tat-mediated upregulation of MCP-1 transcription is stimulated by Smad-3 and decreased by Smad-4" . "Astrocyte cultures treated with morphine and Tat show exaggerated increases in chemokine release, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), RANTES, and IL-6" . "inhibits" . "inhibited by" . "upregulates" . "activates" .