. "Authored: Garapati, P V, 2011-01-18"^^ . "Edited: Garapati, P V, 2011-01-18"^^ . "Reviewed: Zhang, DE, 2011--0-2-"^^ . "ISG15 negatively regulates the scaffold protein filamin B. In response to type I IFNs, filamin B recruits RAC1, MEKK1, and MKK4, enhancing their sequential activation and thereby promoting JNK activation and apoptosis. ISGylation of filamin B leads to the disassociation of RAC1, MEKK1, and MKK4 from the scaffold, preventing type I IFN dependent JNK activation and apoptosis. It has been suggested that this inhibition of apoptosis may protect uninfected bystander cells from IFN-mediated apoptosis (Jeon et al, 2009)."^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "ISGylation of host protein filamin B"^^ . "6.3.2.19"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . .