. . . . . . . . . "HIV-1 Tat increases catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) activities in human cardiac myocyte" . "HIV-1 Tat causes a greater than 50% decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), leading to the extracellular appearance of acidic FGF-1, an effect that is partially mediated through modulation of GSH biosynthetic enzymes" . "Expression of HIV-1 Tat in HeLa cells downregulates cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase while upregulating phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, thereby deregulating intracellular oxidant/antioxidant balance and amplifying UV sensitivity" . "Cotransduction with both SOD1 and GPx1 significantly prevents Tat-mediated increases in intracellular Ca2+ fluxes" . "HIV-1 induced neuron apoptosis is protected by transduction with antioxidant enzymes, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1)" . "downregulates" . "inhibited by" . "upregulates" . "modulates" . .