. . . . . . . . . . . "HIV-1 Vpr enhances TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated dendritic cells (DC). Vpr-induced TNF-alpha production in DC is through STAT1 activation" . "HIV-1 Vpr modulates expression of TNFalpha, increasing or suppressing TNFalpha expression through varying effects on NF-kappa B activity in different cell lines" . "HIV-1 Vpr inhibits TNFalpha induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells" . "HIV-1 Vpr enhances HIV-1 reproduction in U1 cells by the induction of TNFalpha" . "inhibits" . "upregulates" . "modulates" . .