Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/drugs/690
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| rdf:type | |
| rdfs:label |
Floxin (Tablet, Coated)
|
| dailymed-instance:dosage |
NOTE: GRANISETRON HYDROCHLORIDE 1 MG/ML CONTAINS BENZYL ALCOHOL (see
PRECAUTIONS
). Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting The recommended dosage for granisetron hydrochloride injection is 10 mcg/kg administered intravenously within 30 minutes before initiation of chemotherapy, and only on the day(s) chemotherapy is given. Infusion Preparation Granisetron hydrochloride injection may be administered intravenously either undiluted over 30 seconds, or diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride or 5% Dextrose and infused over 5 minutes. Stability Intravenous infusion of granisetron hydrochloride injection should be prepared at the time of administration. However, granisetron hydrochloride injection has been shown to be stable for at least 24 hours when diluted in 0.9% Sodium Chloride or 5% Dextrose and stored at room temperature under normal lighting conditions. As a general precaution, granisetron hydrochloride injection should not be mixed in solution with other drugs. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration whenever solution and container permit. Pediatric Patients The recommended dose in pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age is 10 mcg/kg (see
CLINICAL TRIALS
). Pediatric patients under 2 years of age have not been studied. Geriatric Patients, Renal Failure Patients or Hepatically Impaired Patients No dosage adjustment is recommended (see
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics
).
|
| dailymed-instance:descripti... |
Granisetron hydrochloride injection is an antinauseant and antiemetic agent. Chemically it is endo-N-(9-methyl-9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] non-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride with a molecular weight of 348.9 (312.4 free base). Its empirical formula is CHNO���HCl, while its chemical structure is: Granisetron hydrochloride is a white to off-white solid that is readily soluble in water and normal saline at 20��C. Granisetron hydrochloride injection is a clear, colorless, sterile, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solution for intravenous administration. Granisetron 1 mg/mL is available in 1 mL single-use and 4 mL multi-use vials. 1 mg/mL: Each mL contains 1.12 mg granisetron hydrochloride equivalent to granisetron, 1 mg; sodium chloride, 9 mg; citric acid, 2 mg; and benzyl alcohol, 10 mg, as a preservative; sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, as pH adjusters. The solution's pH ranges from 4.0 to 6.0.
|
| dailymed-instance:clinicalP... |
Granisetron is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) receptor antagonist with little or no affinity for other serotonin receptors, including 5-HT; 5-HT; 5-HT; 5-HT; for alpha-, alpha- or beta-adrenoreceptors; for dopamine-D; or for histamine-H; benzodiazepine; picrotoxin or opioid receptors. Serotonin receptors of the 5-HTtype are located peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema. During chemotherapy-induced vomiting, mucosal enterochromaffin cells release serotonin, which stimulates 5-HTreceptors. This evokes vagal afferent discharge and may induce vomiting. Animal studies demonstrate that, in binding to 5-HTreceptors, granisetron blocks serotonin stimulation and subsequent vomiting after emetogenic stimuli such as cisplatin. In the ferret animal model, a single granisetron injection prevented vomiting due to high-dose cisplatin or arrested vomiting within 5 to 30 seconds. In most human studies, granisetron has had little effect on blood pressure, heart rate or ECG. No evidence of an effect on plasma prolactin or aldosterone concentrations has been found in other studies. Granisetron hydrochloride injection exhibited no effect on oro-cecal transit time in normal volunteers given a single intravenous infusion of 50 mcg/kg or 200 mcg/kg. Single and multiple oral doses slowed colonic transit in normal volunteers.<br/>Pharmacokinetics: Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea Vomiting In adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and in volunteers, mean pharmacokinetic data obtained from an infusion of a single 40 mcg/kg dose of granisetron hydrochloride injection are shown in Table 1.<br/>Distribution: Plasma protein binding is approximately 65% and granisetron distributes freely between plasma and red blood cells.<br/>Metabolism: Granisetron metabolism involves N-demethylation and aromatic ring oxidation followed by conjugation. In vitro liver microsomal studies show that granisetron's major route of metabolism is inhibited by ketoconazole, suggestive of metabolism mediated by the cytochrome P-450 3A subfamily. Animal studies suggest that some of the metabolites may also have 5-HTreceptor antagonist activity.<br/>Elimination: Clearance is predominately by hepatic metabolism. In normal volunteers, approximately 12% of the administered dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine in 48 hours. The remainder of the dose is excreted as metabolites, 49% in the urine, and 34% in the feces.<br/>Subpopulations: Gender There was high inter- and intra-subject variability noted in these studies. No difference in mean AUC was found between males and females, although males had a higher Cgenerally. Elderly The ranges of the pharmacokinetic parameters in elderly volunteers (mean age 71 years), given a single 40mcg/kg intravenous dose of granisetron hydrochloride injection, were generally similar to those in younger healthy volunteers; mean values were lower for clearance and longer for half-life in the elderly patients (see Table 1). Pediatric Patients A pharmacokinetic study in pediatric cancer patients (2 to 16 years of age), given a single 40 mcg/kg intravenous dose of granisetron hydrochloride injection, showed that volume of distribution and total clearance increased with age. No relationship with age was observed for peak plasma concentration or terminal phase plasma half-life. When volume of distribution and total clearance are adjusted for body weight, the pharmacokinetics of granisetron are similar in pediatric and adult cancer patients. Renal Failure Patients Total clearance of granisetron was not affected in patients with severe renal failure who received a single 40 mcg/kg intravenous dose of granisetron hydrochloride injection. Hepatically Impaired Patients A pharmacokinetic study in patients with hepatic impairment due to neoplastic liver involvement showed that total clearance was approximately halved compared to patients without hepatic impairment. Given the wide variability in pharmacokinetic parameters noted in patients and the good tolerance of doses well above the recommended 10 mcg/kg dose, dosage adjustment in patients with possible hepatic functional impairment is not necessary.
|
| dailymed-instance:contraind... |
Granisetron hydrochloride injection is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or to any of its components.
|
| dailymed-instance:supply |
Granisetron hydrochloride injection, 1 mg/mL (free base), is supplied in 1 mL Single-Use Vials and 4 mL Multi-Use Vials. CONTAINS BENZYL ALCOHOL. Storage Store single-use vials and multi-use vials at 20��to 25��C (68��to 77��F); excursions permitted to 15��to 30��C (59��to 86��F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] Once the multi-use vial is penetrated, its contents should be used within 30 days. Do not freeze. Protect from light. Retain in carton until time of use. Rx only For Parenta Customer Service, call 1-800-898-9948. Manufactured for: PARENTApharmaceuticalsan Ebewe Pharma CompanyWest Columbia, SC 29169 Manufactured by: EbewePHARMAEBEWE Pharma Ges.m.b.H. Nfg.KGA-4866 Unterach, Austria February 2008 LBL-105(00)
|
| dailymed-instance:precautio... |
Granisetron is not a drug that stimulates gastric or intestinal peristalsis. It should not be used instead of nasogastric suction. The use of granisetron in patients with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting may mask a progressive ileus and/or gastric distention.<br/>Drug Interactions: Granisetron does not induce or inhibit the cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzyme system in vitro. There have been no definitive drug-drug interaction studies to examine pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction with other drugs; however, in humans, granisetron hydrochloride injection has been safely administered with drugs representing benzodiazepines, neuroleptics and anti-ulcer medications commonly prescribed with antiemetic treatments. Granisetron hydrochloride injection also does not appear to interact with emetogenic cancer chemotherapies. Because granisetron is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzymes, inducers or inhibitors of these enzymes may change the clearance and, hence, the half-life of granisetron. No specific interaction studies have been conducted in anesthetized patients. In addition, the activity of the cytochrome P-450 subfamily 3A4 (involved in the metabolism of some of the main narcotic analgesic agents) is not modified by granisetron hydrochloride in vitro. In in vitro human microsomal studies, ketoconazole inhibited ring oxidation of granisetron. However, the clinical significance of in vivo pharmacokinetic interactions with ketoconazole is not known. In a human pharmacokinetic study, hepatic enzyme induction with phenobarbital resulted in a 25% increase in total plasma clearance of intravenous granisetron hydrochloride. The clinical significance of this change is not known.<br/>Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, rats were treated orally with granisetron 1, 5 or 50 mg/kg/day (6, 30 or 300 mg/m/day). The 50 mg/kg/day dose was reduced to 25 mg/kg/day (150 mg/m/day) during week 59 due to toxicity. For a 50 kg person of average height (1.46 mbody surface area), these doses represent 16, 81 and 405 times the recommended clinical dose (0.37 mg/m, iv) on a body surface area basis. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in males treated with 5 mg/kg/day (30 mg/m/day, 81 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and above, and in females treated with 25 mg/kg/day (150 mg/m/day, 405 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area). No increase in liver tumors was observed at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day (6 mg/m/day, 16 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) in males and 5 mg/kg/day (30 mg/m/day, 81 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) in females. In a 12-month oral toxicity study, treatment with granisetron 100 mg/kg/day (600 mg/m/day, 1622 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) produced hepatocellular adenomas in male and female rats while no such tumors were found in the control rats. A 24-month mouse carcinogenicity study of granisetron did not show a statistically significant increase in tumor incidence, but the study was not conclusive. Because of the tumor findings in rat studies, granisetron hydrochloride injection should be prescribed only at the dose and for the indication recommended (see
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
and
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
). Granisetron was not mutagenic in an in vitro Ames test and mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay, and in vivo mouse micronucleus test and in vitro and ex vivo rat hepatocyte UDS assays. It, however, produced a significant increase in UDS in HeLa cells in vitro and a significant increased incidence of cells with polyploidy in an in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration test. Granisetron at subcutaneous doses up to 6 mg/kg/day (36 mg/m/day, 97 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.<br/>Pregnancy:<br/>Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant rats at intravenous doses up to 9 mg/kg/day (54 mg/m/day, 146 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and pregnant rabbits at intravenous doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (35.4 mg/m/day, 96 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to granisetron. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Benzyl alcohol may cross the placenta. Granisetron hydrochloride injection 1 mg/mL is preserved with benzyl alcohol and should be used in pregnancy only if the benefit outweighs the potential risk.<br/>Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether granisetron is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when granisetron hydrochloride injection is administered to a nursing woman.<br/>Pediatric Use: See
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
for use in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients under 2 years of age have not been established. Benzyl alcohol, a component of granisetron 1 mg/mL, has been associated with serious adverse events and death, particularly in neonates. The"gasping syndrome,"characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, gasping respirations, and high levels of benzyl alcohol and metabolites in blood and urine, has been associated with benzyl alcohol dosages>99 mg/kg/day in neonates and low birth-weight neonates. Additional symptoms may include gradual neurological deterioration, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Although normal therapeutic doses of this product deliver amounts of benzyl alcohol that are substantially lower than those reported in association with the"gasping syndrome,"the minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which toxicity may occur is not known. Premature and low birth-weight infants, as well as patients receiving high dosages, may be more likely to develop toxicity. Practitioners administering this and other medications containing benzyl alcohol should consider the combined daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from all sources.<br/>Geriatric Use: During chemotherapy clinical trials, 713 patients 65 years of age or older received granisetron hydrochloride injection. Effectiveness and safety were similar in patients of various ages.
|
| dailymed-instance:overdosag... |
There is no specific antidote for granisetron hydrochloride injection overdosage. In case of overdosage, symptomatic treatment should be given. Overdosage of up to 38.5 mg of granisetron hydrochloride injection has been reported without symptoms or only the occurrence of a slight headache.
|
| dailymed-instance:genericMe... |
Granisetron Hydrochloride
|
| dailymed-instance:fullName |
Floxin (Tablet, Coated)
|
| dailymed-instance:adverseRe... |
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting The following have been reported during controlled clinical trials or in the routine management of patients. The percentage figures are based on clinical trial experience only. Table 7 gives the comparative frequencies of the five most commonly reported adverse events (���3%) in patients receiving granisetron hydrochloride injection, in single-day chemotherapy trials. These patients received chemotherapy, primarily cisplatin, and intravenous fluids during the 24-hour period following granisetron hydrochloride injection administration. Events were generally recorded over seven days post-granisetron hydrochloride injection administration. In the absence of a placebo group, there is uncertainty as to how many of these events should be attributed to granisetron hydrochloride, except for headache, which was clearly more frequent than in comparison groups. In over 3,000 patients receiving granisetron hydrochloride injection (2 to 160 mcg/kg) in single-day and multiple-day clinical trials with emetogenic cancer therapies, adverse events, other than those in Table 7, were observed; attribution of many of these events to granisetron hydrochloride is uncertain. Hepatic: In comparative trials, mainly with cisplatin regimens, elevations of AST and ALT (>2 times the upper limit of normal) following administration of granisetron hydrochloride injection occurred in 2.8% and 3.3% of patients, respectively. These frequencies were not significantly different from those seen with comparators (AST: 2.1%; ALT: 2.4%). Cardiovascular: Hypertension (2%); hypotension, arrhythmias such as sinus bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, varying degrees of A-V block, ventricular ectopy including non-sustained tachycardia, and ECG abnormalities have been observed rarely. Central Nervous System: Agitation, anxiety, CNS stimulation and insomnia were seen in less than 2% of patients. Extrapyramidal syndrome occurred rarely and only in the presence of other drugs associated with this syndrome. Hypersensitivity: Rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes severe (eg, anaphylaxis, shortness of breath, hypotension, urticaria) have been reported. Other: Fever (3%), taste disorder (2%), skin rashes (1%). In multiple-day comparative studies, fever occurred more frequently with granisetron hydrochloride injection (8.6%) than with comparative drugs (3.4%, P<0.014), which usually included dexamethasone.
|
| dailymed-instance:warning |
Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in patients who have exhibited hypersensitivity to other selective 5-HTreceptor antagonists.
|
| dailymed-instance:indicatio... |
Granisetron hydrochloride injection is indicated for: ���The prevention of nausea and/or vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer therapy, including high-dose cisplatin.
|
| dailymed-instance:routeOfAd... | |
| dailymed-instance:name |
Floxin
|